Acrylic bone cements with bismuth salicylate: Behavior in simulated physiological conditions

Abstract

In a previous work, we reported the development of acrylic bone cement formulations for application in percutaneous vertebroplasty, by using bismuth salicylate (BS) as the radiopaque agent. Our objective was to obtain high radiopacity along with a therapeutical effect produced by the release of salicylic acid in situ. To follow that study, the setting kinetics and static and dynamical mechanical properties of the BS cements were studied in simulated physiological conditions. Moreover, radiopacity after various times of immersion in saline and the wettability of the cements surfaces were determined. The study finished with the analysis of the biological response. From the results, it can be concluded that physiological conditions did not affect negatively to the cements performance, since all BS-loaded cements fulfilled the ISO standard requirements. Radiopacity of the formulations was maintained over time and cements with BS were found to be biocompatible.

Viscoelastic properties of injectable bone cements for orthopaedic applications: State‐of‐the‐art review

“…With one exception, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) (sometimes referred to as dynamic mechanical analysis, DMA), operated in three‐point bending mode, has been used to determine E ′, E ″, and tan δ, as a function of the cured cement specimen's temperature, T′ (at a fixed test frequency, f ) 69–71. In a DMTA test, typical specimen size is 25.0–40.0 mm × 10.0 mm × 1.0–1.5 mm, and typical test conditions are: displacement, 64 μm; static force, 60 m N ; dynamic force, 40 m N ; rate of heating of specimen, 2–4°C min −1 ; range of T ′: 20–200°C; and range of f = 1–30 Hz 69–71. The exception is a study in which the DMTA tests were performed on cured cement specimens, in a displacement control mode; that is, using a frequency sweep (0.01–100 Hz) and a temperature sweep (17–57°C) 67…”

New injectable and radiopaque antibiotic loaded acrylic bone cements

“…We are confident that the use of powder mixing techniques or the dissolution of the radiopacifier 12,13 would improve the homogeneity and the visibility even more.…”

“…Experimental formulations show higher radiopacity than traditional commercial cements used in arthroplasty (Simplex P and Osteopal G), due to the presence of the bismuth atom in the BS, which has been proven to give excellent X-ray visibility, 12,13 reducing the need of adding extra radiopacifiers.…”

Alternative acrylic bone cement formulations for cemented arthroplasties: Present status, key issues, and future prospects

“…These cements have comparable t set values, T max values, loss factor (dry specimens), and in vitro biocompatibility performance, but lower values of both UCS and UTS (after one month storage in saline solution, at 37°C) compared to a BaSO 4 ‐containing cement 64. Furthermore, the BS‐containing cements displayed a plasticizing effect as well as formation of pores in the aforementioned storage solution 64…”

“…The third approach involves a bismuth compound, such as bismuth salicylate, BS (either as received or coated with polyethylene oxide) that is blended into the cement powder or is dissolved in the liquid monomer 64. These cements have comparable t set values, T max values, loss factor (dry specimens), and in vitro biocompatibility performance, but lower values of both UCS and UTS (after one month storage in saline solution, at 37°C) compared to a BaSO 4 ‐containing cement 64. Furthermore, the BS‐containing cements displayed a plasticizing effect as well as formation of pores in the aforementioned storage solution 64…”