SH2-B (Src homology 2 B)is an adapter protein that is required for maximal growth hormone-dependent actin reorganization in membrane ruffling and cell motility. Here we show that SH2-B is also required for maximal actin-based motility of Listeria monocytogenes. SH2-B localizes to Listeria-induced actin tails and increases the rate of bacterial propulsion in infected cells and in cell extracts. Furthermore, Listeria motility is decreased in mouse embryo fibroblasts from SH2-B ؊/؊ mice. Both recruitment of SH2-B to Listeria and SH2-B stimulation of actin-based propulsion require the vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP), which binds ActA at the surfaces of Listeria cells and enhances bacterial actin-based motility. SH2-B enhances actin-based movement of ActA-coated beads in a biomimetic actin-based motility assay, provided that VASP is present. In vitro binding assays show that SH2-B binds ActA but not VASP; however, binding to ActA is greater in the presence of VASP. Because VASP also plays an essential regulatory role in actin-based processes in eukaryotic cells, the present results provide mechanistic insight into the functions of both SH2-B and VASP in motility and also increase our understanding of the fundamental mechanism by which Listeria spreads.Listeria monocytogenes is a facultative intracellular grampositive bacterial pathogen that can invade a broad range of cell types and cause a variety of syndromes in humans and animals. Bacterial invasion of host cells starts by the interaction of Listeria with the plasma membrane, which progressively enwraps the bacterium. The bacterium escapes from the phagosome and freely proliferates within the host cell cytosol. Concomitant with bacterial replication, Listeria induces polymerization of host actin at its surface, leading to the formation of an actin tail. This tail propels the bacterium through the cytosol to neighboring cells (27,45,47). Actin and a limited subset of actin-binding proteins reconstitute bacterial motility in a purified system (25). However, beads covered with the listerial protein ActA move several times slower in this assay than in cells. This lower movement rate suggests that other proteins may also stimulate Listeria movement in cells. In this study, we introduce SH2-B (Src homology 2 B) as a protein that increases the efficiency of Listeria actin-based motility.SH2-B is a member of a widely expressed conserved family of adapter proteins containing several proline-rich regions, a central pleckstrin homology domain, and a C-terminal SH2 domain. SH2-B binds, via its SH2 domain, to growth hormone-activated Janus tyrosine kinase (JAK2) (39) and to the activated receptor tyrosine kinases for insulin, insulin-like growth factor I, nerve growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, and fibroblast growth factor (20,33,36,37,48). Several lines of evidence show that SH2-B is involved in signaling to the actin cytoskeleton. First, SH2-B increases membrane ruffling and pinocytosis induced by growth hormone, and a dominant-negati...