Acth and MSH Assays and Their Clinical Application

Besser, G. M.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1973.tb00417.x

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Nevertheless, SPRET/Ei mice exhibit a strongly activated HPA axis manifested in higher basal ACTH and CS levels. In addition, it is known that adrenal hypertrophy is a consequence of increased ACTH secretion in the absence of normal negative feedback control of the HPA axis by GCs (43). Accordingly, the adrenal glands of SPRET/Ei mice clearly displayed cortical hypertrophy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because the CS levels were very high in SPRET/Ei mice, we looked at the size and morphology of their adrenals, as adrenal cortical hyperfunction is a known consequence of increased ACTH secretion and leads to increased CS concentration (43). The ratio of adrenal weight to body weight ratio in SPRET/Ei mice was twice that of C57BL/6 mice ( Fig.…”

Section: Lps-resistant Spret/ei Mice Show Broad Defects In Genementioning

confidence: 99%

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Increased Glucocorticoid Receptor Expression and Activity Mediate the LPS Resistance of SPRET/EI Mice

Dejager

Pinheiro

Puimège

et al. 2010

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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SPRET/Ei mice are extremely resistant to acute LPS-induced lethal inflammation when compared with C57BL/6. We found that in vivo SPRET/Ei mice exhibit strongly reduced expression levels of cytokines and chemokines. To investigate the role of the potent anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in the SPRET/Ei phenotype, mice were treated with the GR antagonist RU486 or bilateral adrenalectomy. Under such conditions, both C57BL/6 and SPRET/Ei mice were strongly sensitized to LPS, and the differences in LPS response between SPRET/Ei and C57BL/6 mice were completely gone. These results underscore the central role of GR in the LPS hyporesponsiveness of SPRET/Ei mice. Compared with C57BL/ 6, SPRET/Ei mice were found to express higher GR levels, which were reflected in increased GR transactivation. Using a backcross mapping strategy, we demonstrate that the high GR transcription levels are linked to the Nr3c1 (GR) locus on chromosome 18 itself. Unexpectedly, SPRET/Ei mice exhibit a basal overactivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, namely strongly increased corticosterone levels, ACTH levels, and adrenocortical size. As a consequence of the excess of circulating glucocorticoids (GCs), levels of hepatic gluconeogenic enzymes are increased, and insulin secretion from pancreatic ␤-cells is impaired, both of which result in hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance in SPRET/Ei mice. We conclude that SPRET/Ei mice are unique as they display an unusual combination of elevated GR expression and increased endogenous GC levels. Hence, these mice provide a new and powerful tool for the study of GR-and GC-mediated mechanisms, including immune repressive functions, neuroendocrine regulation, insulin secretion, and carbohydrate metabolism.The Mus spretus species has been used to establish several inbred strains, including SPRET/Ei, SEG/Pas, and STF/Pas. M. spretus or Algerian mice and the Mus musculus or house mice diverged about 1.5 million years ago, which results in a great amount of genetic polymorphisms present in the genome of these wild-derived inbred strains compared with the common laboratory M. musculus strains. The ability to produce interspecific crosses and backcrosses between M. spretus and M. musculus, despite their evolutionary divergence (1) and the high degree of sequence variation between them, allows accurate genetic mapping of complex traits (2). Furthermore, due to their high sequence variation, M. spretus strains provide a great amount of additional phenotypic variation (3). As an example, when compared with the standard laboratory mouse strain C57BL/6, SPRET/Ei mice exhibit a strong and dominant resistance against the lethal effects of several inflammatory mediators, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and TNF (4, 5). Both can induce an exaggerated inflammatory response mediated partly by the activation of potent transcription factors such as NFB and AP1. The LPS-induced response is called endotoxemia, which is a commonly used model for studying sepsis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Lps-resistant Spret/ei Mice Show Broad Defects In Genementioning

confidence: 99%

Increased Glucocorticoid Receptor Expression and Activity Mediate the LPS Resistance of SPRET/EI Mice

Dejager

Pinheiro

Puimège

et al. 2010

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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“…The attainment of normal plasma ACTH levels (below 80 ng/l) seems a desirable objective, but most patients who have had bilateral adrenalectomy for Cushing's disease and who do not have Nelson's syndrome do have raised levels despite adequate replacement therapy. 20 The effect of the procedure seems to be long lasting: there were no subsequent relapses, and one patient (case 4) was still in clinical remission with normal plasma ACTH levels 13 years after the pituitary implant. There were few surgical or functional complications of the procedure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Treatment of Nelson's syndrome by pituitary implantation of yttrium-90 or gold-198.

Cassar¹,

Doyle²,

Pd³

et al. 1976

BMJ

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“…Determination of plasma ACTH concentrations is of limited value in diagnosing pituitary-adrenocortical hyperfunction. It is characteristic that plasma ACTH concentrations are often normal or only slightly elevated in Cushing's disease (Besser 1973). Of special value is, however, plasma ATCH determinations in patients with Nelson's syndrome, i.e.…”

Section: Pituitary-adrenal Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of pituitary function

Lindholm

2009

Acta Neurologica Scandinavica

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Sellar and parasellar tumours comprise 10–15 % of all intracranial neo‐plasms. Neurologists will thus often be faced with the problem of assessing pituitary function. A thorough clinical examination is of the foremost importance. In addition a small number of simple and rapid tests is required. Knowledge of the physiological variation in pituitary function is, however, necessary to allow a safe interpretation of the results. A simple routine procedure for assessing pituitary function is proposed.

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Acth and MSH Assays and Their Clinical Application

Cited by 11 publications

References 42 publications

Increased Glucocorticoid Receptor Expression and Activity Mediate the LPS Resistance of SPRET/EI Mice

Increased Glucocorticoid Receptor Expression and Activity Mediate the LPS Resistance of SPRET/EI Mice

Treatment of Nelson's syndrome by pituitary implantation of yttrium-90 or gold-198.

Assessment of pituitary function

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