Activation energy for Cu-Sn intermetallic in CNT-reinforced Sn-1.0Ag-0.5Cu solder

Abstract

Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the addition of 0.05 Wt.% carbon nanotube (CNT) into the Sn-1.0Ag-0.5Cu (SAC) solder on the intermetallic (IMC) growth. Lead-based solders play an important role in a variety of applications in electronic industries. Due to the toxicity of the lead in the solder, lead-free solders were proposed to replace the lead-based solders. Sn-Ag-Cu solder family is one of the lead-free solders, which are proposed and considered as a potential replacement. Unfortunately, the Sn-Ag-Cu solder faces some reliability problems because of the formation of the thick intermetallic compounds. So the retardation of intermetallic growth is prime important. Design/methodology/approach The solder joint was aged under liquid state aging with soldering time from 1 to 60 min. Findings Two types of intermetallics, which are Cu6Sn5 and Cu3Sn were observed under a scanning electron microscope. The morphology of Cu6Sn5 intermetallic transformed from scallop to planar type as the soldering time increases. The addition of carbon nanotube into the SAC solder has retarded the Cu6Sn5 intermetallic growth rate by increasing its activation energy from 97.86 to 101.45 kJ/mol. Furthermore, the activation energy for the Cu3Sn growth has increased from 102.10 to 104.23 kJ/mol. Originality/value The increase in the activation energy indicates that the growth of the intermetallics was slower. This implies that the addition of carbon nanotube increases the reliability of the solder joint and are suitable for microelectronics applications.

Unveiling the Role of Ge in CZTSSe Solar Cells by Advanced Micro‐To‐Atom Scale Characterizations

“…These observations suggest that, during the pre‐alloying process, Cu exhibited a stronger tendency to form alloys with Zn rather than Sn, likely due to the lower activation energy associated with Cu‐Zn alloy formation compared to that of Cu‐Sn alloys. [ 21 , 22 ] It can also be noted that, as shown in Figure 1 , a thin Zn layer was found on the top of the metal alloy at t1, indicating Zn evaporation occurred with temperature increasing since Zn can volatilise at 250 °C and redeposit on the surface. [ 23 ] The formation of the kesterite phase in the Ref sample commenced approximately at t2, as indicated by the overlapping mapping signals of Se with Cu, Zn, and Sn observed in Figure 1 .…”