“…LTF accompanied by structural plasticity requires new gene and protein expression (Bailey et al, 1992) mediated by the timely activation of phosphoinosotide 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase A (PKA), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in sensory neurons (Greenberg et al, 1987;Sweatt and Kandel, 1989;Nazif et al, 1991;Schacher et al, 1993;Martin et al, 1997;Michael et al, 1998;Muller and Carew, 1998;Purcell et al, 2003;Udo et al, 2005;Hu et al, 2006). The kinases phosphorylate both local cytoplasmic substrates (Schuster et al, 1985;Bailey et al, 1997;Martin et al, 1997;Michael et al, 1998;Angers et al, 2002;Liu et al, 2004) and transcription factors in the sensory neurons (Dash et al, 1990;Bacskai et al, 1993;Alberini et al, 1994;Martin et al, 1997;Bartsch et al, 1998;Yamamoto et al, 1999;Purcell et al, 2003). Protein kinase C (PKC) activity is enhanced by 5-HT (Sacktor and Schwartz, 1990;Sossin and Schwartz, 1992) and participates in both short-and intermediate-term facilitation (ITF) (Sugita et al, 1992(Sugita et al, , 1997Wu et al, 1995;Sutton and Carew, 2000;Manseau et al, 2001;Sutton et al, 2004), but its role in nonassociative LTF is not clear (Sossin et al, 1994;Wu et al, 1995).…”