Activation of aerobic metabolism by Amaranth oil improves heart rate variability both in athletes and patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Abstract

The aim of present research was to study the effects of Amaranth oil (AmO) supplementation on aerobic metabolism and heart rate variability (HRV) in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and in athletes. Several parameters of aerobic metabolism and HRV were assessed. Supplementation with AmO caused mild pro-oxidant activity resulting in improved uptake of oxidative destruction products and modulation of catalase and SOD activity with subsequent development of an antioxidant effect. These findings were very distinct in athletes but less pronounced in diabetics. Redistribution of haemoglobin ligands in athletes indicates involvement of haemoproteins in free radical reactions during AmO supplementation. Improvement in HRV by daily consumption of AmO as observed in both study groups suggested increased production of endogenous oxygen and enhancement of the cardio-respiratory function. The advantage of activation of aerobic metabolism in OS-related disorders resulting in improved self-organization of the living system and hormetic reaction mechanisms are discussed.

Biomarkers of oxidative and nitro‐oxidative stress: conventional and novel approaches

“…Non‐specific resistance to OS is reflected by variations of heart rhythm, with high resistance to OS being accompanied by highly variable heart rhythm and low resistance by low heart rate variability (HRV) and even formation of a rigid heart rhythm (Aubert et al ., ; Christensen, ; Yelisyeyeva et al ., ; Jarczok et al ., ). The degree of variability between the heart beats can be assessed with a non‐invasive tool, HRV, that involves recording of the ECG with subsequent analysis of RR intervals (time and frequency domain indices) (Malik et al ., ).…”

“…The concentration of MDA, a conventional OS biomarker, was 114.7 ± 3.9 μM in type 2 diabetic patients, compared with 71.9 ± 2.2 μM in healthy volunteers and 60.9 ± 1.4 μM in elite athletes. At the same time, the levels of OMP, measured as the adducts of DNP at 370 nm, were increased both in diabetics and sportsmen (7.1 ± 0.3 and 9.1 ± 0.2 CU·mL −1 respectively), compared with 5.0 ± 0.2 CU·mL −1 in control subjects (Yelisyeyeva et al ., ; Semen et al ., ). These findings point out that OMP are formed by different metabolic backgrounds and different OS severities in healthy people and in diabetic patients.…”

“…Some of these metabolites, used as biomarkers, are maintaining free radical and oxygen levels through feedback mechanisms, which affect the activity of central and autonomic regulatory components thereby modulating heart rhythm. It therefore appears that the use of HRV in research and clinical settings may provide a valuable integrated insight into the mechanisms of redox homeostasis, especially because the values of total spectral power and some spectral HRV parameters can be used to evaluate adaptive response and stress resistance and might have prognostic significance (Yelisyeyeva et al ., ). The relationship between HRV parameters and functional metabolic conditions is summarized in Table .…”

“…In general, they describe the condition of central and autonomic regulation, relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system, baroreflex regulation and metabolic status. The cardiorespiratory system is sensitive even to very small shifts in pO 2 , pCO 2 and also pH, which reflect the efficacy of aerobic metabolism and thus the degree of oxidative damage (Semen et al ., ; Yelisyeyeva et al ., ). It is widely accepted that diseases associated with OS such as diabetes, cardiovascular, neurodegenerative and inflammatory disorders, are characterized by reduced HRV (Lahiri et al ., ; LaRovere and Christensen, ; Semen et al ., ).…”

Novel oleogel formulation based on amaranth oil: Physicochemical characterization

“…Reduction in blood pressure and cholesterol levels in addition to improvement in the antioxidant status and immunity might also be observed following regular amaranth consumption (Inglett, Chen, & Liu, ). On the other hand, multiple reported biological effects (Martirosyan, Miroshnichenko, Kulakova, Pogojeva, & Zoloedov, ; Sirota, Yelisyeyeva, Khunderyakova, & Makhotina, ; Yelisyeyeva et al, ) have been suggested as consequences of the activation of aerobic metabolism (Yelisyeyeva et al, ). Additionally, amaranth seed oil may have some benefits for those with cardiovascular and hypertension diseases (Inglett et al, ).…”