“…This metastatic ability may be regulated by carotenoids on many levels, including the expression of important pro- and antimetastatic factors such as Nm23-H1; uPA; matrix metalloproteinases, e.g., MMP-1, -2, -3, -7, -8, -9, -12, and -13; MT1-MMP and MT3-MMP; endogenous tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), e.g., TIMP-1, -2, -3, and -4; transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1); Rho subfamily, including RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42; transmembrane E-cadherin; and surface glycoprotein, including CD44 and CXCR4, and HIF-1α. Carotenoids can also regulate pro-angiogenic factors, such as VEGF and cytokines or toll-like receptors (TLRs) [ 41 , 117 , 123 , 124 , 125 ]; these factors can contribute to the destruction and remodelling of the ECM compounds, which is a basic step in the further progression of the tumour.…”