Activation of Nuclear Protein Binding to the Antioxidant/Electrophile Response Element in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells by Benzo(a)pyrene

Identification of Albumin Precursor Protein, Phi AP3, and α-Smooth Muscle Actin as Novel Components of Redox Sensing Machinery in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

“…Oligonucleotides used in EMSA reactions included human Ha-ras (hHa-ras) ARE: 5Ј-AGCTCCTGGGTGACAGAGC-GAGAAGCT-3Ј and mouse GSTA1 ARE: 5Ј-GATCTAATGGTGA-CAAAGCAACTT-3Ј (ARE cores underlined). Human Ha-ras and mouse GSTA1 ARE sequences were chosen because they are representative of the redox-regulated transcriptional response in vSMCs and exhibit similar nuclear protein binding profiles (Holderman et al, 2000;Miller et al, 2000). In some experiments, an hHa-ras mutant oligonucleotide, 5Ј-CCTGGGGAGAAGAAAGAGAGGTAC-3Ј, was used as competitor.…”

“…Extensive characterization of ARE sequences identified 5Ј-GTGACNNNGC-3Ј as the minimal ARE core sequence required for inducible expression (Rushmore et al, 1991;Wasserman and Fahl, 1997). Subsequent studies have shown that flanking sequences exert a significant effect on basal and inducible gene expression, and the consensus core sequence was redefined as 5Ј-TMANNRTGAYNNNGCR-3Ј (Wasserman and Fahl, 1997;Holderman et al, 2000). The transcriptional response mediated through ARE sequences is complex, because induction profiles vary according to cell type, gene context, and chemical treatment.…”

Molecular interactions between the Wilms' tumor transcription factor and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor during nephrogenesis and its impact on fetal programming of renal disease.

“…PAHs affect growth and differentiation of aortic smooth muscle cells and may participate in atherogenesis (Holderman et al, 2000;Kerzee and Ramos, 2000;Ramos and Parrish, 1995). The mechanistic causalities of PAH-induced diseases are complicated by the variety of effects they exert such as DNA mutagenesis, oxidative stress, protein oxidation, and modifications of signal transduction pathways.…”