Activation of the Kynurenine Pathway and Production of Inflammatory Cytokines by Astrocytes and Microglia Infected With <i>Neospora caninum</i>

Argolo, Deivison Silva; Borges, Julita Maria Pereira; Freitas, Luciana dos Santos; Pina, Gizelle Alves; Grangeiro, Maria Socorro; Silva, Víctor Diógenes Amaral da; Pinheiro, Alexandre Moraes; Conceição, Rodrigo Souza; Branco, Alexsandro; Guillemin, Gilles J.; Costa, Sílvia Lima; Costa, Maria de Fátima Dias

doi:10.1177/11786469211069946

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 38 publications

(77 reference statements)

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“…Also, in the absence of IFN-γ, IDO-1 was activated by the infection, inducing a 50% increase in Kyn compared to uninfected co-cultures. Recently, Argolo et al ( 81 ) demonstrated that, despite observation of neurite outgrowth and release of neurotrophic factors, the infection increased levels of QA and of CCL5 and CCL2 mRNA expression.…”

Section: Models Of Exogenously Activated Neuroinflammation and Kpmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurological Infection, Kynurenine Pathway, and Parasitic Infection by Neospora caninum

et al. 2022

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Neuroinflammation is one of the most frequently studied topics of neurosciences as it is a common feature in almost all neurological disorders. Although the primary function of neuroinflammation is to protect the nervous system from an insult, the complex and sequential response of activated glial cells can lead to neurological damage. Depending on the type of insults and the time post-insult, the inflammatory response can be neuroprotective, neurotoxic, or, depending on the glial cell types, both. There are multiple pathways activated and many bioactive intermediates are released during neuroinflammation. One of the most common one is the kynurenine pathway, catabolizing tryptophan, which is involved in immune regulation, neuroprotection, and neurotoxicity. Different models have been used to study the kynurenine pathway metabolites to understand their involvements in the development and maintenance of the inflammatory processes triggered by infections. Among them, the parasitic infection Neospora caninum could be used as a relevant model to study the role of the kynurenine pathway in the neuroinflammatory response and the subset of cells involved.

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Section: Models Of Exogenously Activated Neuroinflammation and Kpmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurological Infection, Kynurenine Pathway, and Parasitic Infection by Neospora caninum

et al. 2022

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NAD+ as a Target for Cancer Treatment

Helman

Braidy

2023

Handbook of Cancer and Immunology

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Depression and HIV: a scoping review in search of neuroimmune biomarkers

Mudra Rakshasa-Loots

2023

Brain Communications

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People with HIV are at increased risk for depression, though the neurobiological mechanisms underlying this are unclear. In the last decade, there has been a substantial rise in interest in the contribution of (neuro)inflammation to depression, coupled with rapid advancements in the resolution and sensitivity of biomarker assays such as Luminex, single molecular array, and newly-developed PET radioligands. Numerous preclinical and clinical studies have recently leveraged these next-generation immunoassays to identify biomarkers that may be associated with HIV and depression (separately), though few studies have explored these biomarkers in co-occurring HIV and depression. Using a systematic search, we detected 33 publications involving a cumulative N = 10,590 participants which tested for associations between depressive symptoms and 55 biomarkers of inflammation and related processes in participants living with HIV. Formal meta-analyses were not possible as statistical reporting in the field was highly variable; future studies must fully report test statistics and effect size estimates. The majority of included studies were carried out in the United States, with samples that were primarily older and primarily men. Substantial further work is necessary to diversify the geographical, age, and sex distribution of samples in the field. This review finds that alterations in concentrations of certain biomarkers of neuroinflammation (interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor-α, neopterin) may influence the association between HIV and depression. Equally, the chemokines monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) or the metabolic index kynurenine:tryptophan (Kyn:Trp), which have been the focus of several studies, do not appear to be associated with depressive symptoms amongst people living with HIV, as all (MCP-1) or most (IL-8 and Kyn:Trp) available studies of these biomarkers reported non-significant associations. We propose a biomarker-driven hypothesis of the neuroimmunometabolic mechanisms which may precipitate the increased risk of depression amongst people with HIV. Chronically activated microglia, which trigger key neuroinflammatory cascades shown to be upregulated in people with HIV, may be the central link connecting HIV infection in the central nervous system with depressive symptoms. Findings from this review may inform research design in future studies of HIV-associated depression and enable concerted efforts towards biomarker discovery.

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Activation of the Kynurenine Pathway and Production of Inflammatory Cytokines by Astrocytes and Microglia Infected With Neospora caninum

Cited by 3 publications

References 38 publications

Neurological Infection, Kynurenine Pathway, and Parasitic Infection by Neospora caninum

Neurological Infection, Kynurenine Pathway, and Parasitic Infection by Neospora caninum

NAD+ as a Target for Cancer Treatment

Depression and HIV: a scoping review in search of neuroimmune biomarkers

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