2021
DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119205
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Activation strategies for biochar to use as an efficient catalyst in various applications

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Cited by 138 publications
(45 citation statements)
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“…25,26 Being a bio-char it can, through physical and/or chemical activation, be converted into activated carbon, which has many applications. 27,28 The liquid fraction, known as bio-oil, is the most valuable of the products. 29 It can be converted into biofuels and/or renewable chemicals through several thermo-catalytic routes, with the main ones being steam reforming, 30 hydrodeoxygenation, 31,32 catalytic cracking, 33,34 or esterification.…”
Section: Fast Pyrolysismentioning
confidence: 99%
“…25,26 Being a bio-char it can, through physical and/or chemical activation, be converted into activated carbon, which has many applications. 27,28 The liquid fraction, known as bio-oil, is the most valuable of the products. 29 It can be converted into biofuels and/or renewable chemicals through several thermo-catalytic routes, with the main ones being steam reforming, 30 hydrodeoxygenation, 31,32 catalytic cracking, 33,34 or esterification.…”
Section: Fast Pyrolysismentioning
confidence: 99%
“…One of the important considerations for building such biosensors is to understand their sensitivity and specificity-based characteristics better. This includes understanding the interactions between the nanomaterials and the toxins, capability and sensitivity of the nanomaterials to detect the biomolecule, the desorption of the toxins from the molecules, the specificity of the nanomaterial toward specific types and forms, and their detection limits. Various characteristics of the nanomaterial such as shape, purity, size, surface continuity, the area available for the reaction, and defects should be well characterized before the construction of the biosensor. These characteristics influence various characteristics of the biosensors like the electrical conductivity, fluorescence quenching capabilities, photoluminescence properties, interactions between the nanomaterial and the analyte, and adsorption capabilities and limits. Scientists working both in academia and in industry are both advised to carefully characterize the materials and their parameters so that there is a standard quality of biosensing and enhanced reproducibility of results.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The activation process is classified into physical and chemical methods based on the activation mechanism [21]. Physical activation is the process in which oxidizing agents (H 2 O, O 2, or CO 2 ) are used to develop porosity by controlled carbon gasification, while chemical activation uses chemical agents to enhance the gasification rate of biochar [22].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%