Activator from sugar cane as a green alternative to conventional vulcanization additives

Zanchet, Aline; Sousa, Fabiula Danielli Bastos de; Crespo, Janaína da Silva; Scuracchio, Carlos Henrique

doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.329

Cited by 26 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The difference (ΔG′) between the elastic modulus at low strain (G′0) and high strain (G′∞) is a measurement of the Payne effect attributed to the filler structure and can be understood as physical bonds of the filler interaggregates (van der Waals, London forces) that are broken at high strains [26]. According to the theory of the Payne effect, low deformations are related to rubber-filler interactions and the high deformation to the filler‒filler ones [27]. The greater the ΔG′, the greater the Payne effect, indicating a greater breakdown of filler‒filler interaction, and the greater the amount of clusters present in the elastomeric matrix [28].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural Rubber Composites Filled with Crop Residues as an Alternative to Vulcanizates with Common Fillers

Masłowski

Strzelec

2019

Polymers

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This present study is focused on exploring the possibility of using agricultural waste in the form of cereal straw as an active filler of biocomposites. The effect of lignocellulosic filler addition on the multifunctional properties of natural rubber composites was investigated. The results were compared with the properties of vulcanizates containing commonly used reinforcements in elastomer technology (carbon black, silica, chalk, talc). Rubber mixtures filled with straw showed the highest torque increase during rheometric measurements, which indirectly indicated a high degree of crosslinking and hardness of composites. It was found that the effect of straw addition on vulcanization time of elastomer blends was comparable with the results obtained for other conventional fillers. Moreover, the results confirmed that novel composites based on natural rubber filled with crop residues were attractive materials owing to their capacity for the formation of “structure” in combination with a good impact on reinforcement. Vulcanizates with the addition of straw showed the best barrier properties and resistance to thermo-oxidative aging from all tested samples. Furthermore, straw-based composites demonstrated that cereal straw waste could be used as an alternative, biodegradable and eco-friendly reinforcement of natural rubber composites.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural Rubber Composites Filled with Crop Residues as an Alternative to Vulcanizates with Common Fillers

Masłowski

Strzelec

2019

Polymers

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“…Zanchet et al developed a green additive, which is composed of an activator derived from sugar cane, as a residue of the ethanol production [103]. From TGA the composition of this material resulted of water, zinc carboxylate, StH, and lignin, with a zinc content of 25.6%.…”

Section: Zinc(ii) Complexesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zinc-Based Curing Activators: New Trends for Reducing Zinc Content in Rubber Vulcanization Process

et al. 2019

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The efficiency of sulfur vulcanization reaction in rubber industry is generally improved thanks to the combined use of accelerators (as sulphenamides), activators (inorganic oxides), and co-activators (fatty acids). The interaction among these species is responsible for the formation of intermediate metal complexes, which are able to increase the reactivity of sulfur towards the polymer and to promote the chemical cross-links between the rubber chains. The high number of species and reactions that are involved contemporarily in the process hinders the complete understanding of its mechanism despite the long history of vulcanization. In this process, ZnO is considered to be the most efficient and major employed activator and zinc-based complexes that formed during the first steps of the reaction are recognized to play a main role in determining both the kinetic and the nature of the cross-linked products. However, the low affinity of ZnO towards the rubber entails its high consumption (3–5 parts per hundred, phr) to achieve a good distribution in the matrix, leading to a possible zinc leaching in the environment during the life cycle of rubber products (i.e., tires). Thanks to the recent recognition of ZnO ecotoxicity, especially towards the aquatic environment, these aspects gain a critical importance in view of the urgent need to reduce or possibly substitute the ZnO employed in rubber vulcanization. In this review, the reactivity of ZnO as curing activator and its role in the vulcanization mechanism are highlighted and deeply discussed. A complete overview of the recent strategies that have been proposed in the literature to improve the vulcanization efficiency by reducing the amount of zinc that is used in the process is also reported.

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“…Macroplastics from packaging in general, post-used gloves and masks, when present in water (i.e., when inappropriately disposed of), due to the action of the weather and the inherent degradation of the material, turns into microplastics over the years (pieces smaller than 5 mm) [60,61]. Water pollution by microplastics is considered a socio-environmental problem, which may damage human health, aquatic fauna, and flora [62][63][64]. Human exposure to microplastics could be through the food chain (ingestion) or due to air inhalation [65], with their presence confirmed in seafood, sea salt, sugar, honey, tap water, and beer [66][67][68][69].…”

Section: Socio-environmental Problems Caused By Plasticmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pros and Cons of Plastic during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Sousa¹,

Bastos²

2020

Recycling

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Since the beginning of the first cases of the new coronavirus, opinions and laws on the use of plastic materials have been questioned around the world. Their importance in the manufacture of hospital devices and personal protective equipment (PPE) is unquestionable, as they contribute largely to the reduction of the virus spread, helping health systems from all edges of the world and, most importantly, saving lives. However, the same material that is a protector, becomes a polluter when inadequately disposed of in the environment, generating or worsening socio-environmental problems, such as pollution of water bodies by plastic. A critical overview of the role of plastic during the COVID-19 pandemic is provided in this paper. A future panorama is attempted to be outlined. The real possibility of the virus spread from the use of plastic is discussed, as well as the recycling of plastic during the pandemic, correlating its use with problems that it may cause.

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Activator from sugar cane as a green alternative to conventional vulcanization additives

Cited by 26 publications

References 34 publications

Natural Rubber Composites Filled with Crop Residues as an Alternative to Vulcanizates with Common Fillers

Natural Rubber Composites Filled with Crop Residues as an Alternative to Vulcanizates with Common Fillers

Zinc-Based Curing Activators: New Trends for Reducing Zinc Content in Rubber Vulcanization Process

Pros and Cons of Plastic during the COVID-19 Pandemic

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