Active and passive-touch during interpersonal multisensory stimulation change self–other boundaries

Tajadura‐Jiménez, Ana; Lorusso, Ludovica; Tsakiris, Manos

doi:10.1016/j.concog.2013.09.002

Cited by 25 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…That is, arguably, the self-other distinction process was modified when an auditory stimulus was provided far from the self. This effect is reminiscent of behavioral ( Tajadura-Jiménez et al, 2013 ; Teneggi et al, 2013 ; Noel et al, 2015a ; Salomon et al, 2016a ) and neuroimaging ( Brozzoli et al, 2012 , 2013 ) multisensory studies demonstrating a self-other differentiation process grounded on the representation of PPS. PPS, indeed, might represent a multisensory-motor representation of the self in interaction with the environment ( Noel et al, 2014 ; Galli et al, 2015 ; Serino et al, 2015 ), and the PPS boundaries might define a first level of self-other distinction ( Noel et al, 2016 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Interplay between Narrative and Bodily Self in Access to Consciousness: No Difference between Self- and Non-self Attributes

et al. 2017

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The construct of the “self” is conceived as being fundamental in promoting survival. As such, extensive studies have documented preferential processing of self-relevant stimuli. For example, attributes that relate to the self are better encoded and retrieved, and are more readily consciously perceived. The preferential processing of self-relevant information, however, appears to be especially true for physical (e.g., faces), as opposed to psychological (e.g., traits), conceptions of the self. Here, we test whether semantic attributes that participants judge as self-relevant are further processed unconsciously than attributes that were not judged as self-relevant. In Experiment 1, a continuous flash suppression paradigm was employed with “self” and “non-self” attribute words being presented subliminally, and we asked participants to categorize unseen words as either self-related or not. In a second experiment, we attempted to boost putative preferential self-processing by relation to its physical conception, that is, one’s own body. To this aim, we repeated Experiment 1 while administrating acoustic stimuli either close or far from the body, i.e., within or outside peripersonal space. Results of both Experiment 1 and 2 demonstrate no difference in breaking suppression for self and non-self words. Additionally, we found that while participants were able to process the physical location of the unseen words (above or below fixation) they were not able to categorize these as self-relevant or not. Finally, results showed that sounds presented in the extra-personal space elicited a more stringent response criterion for “self” in the process of categorizing unseen visual stimuli. This shift in criterion as a consequence of sound location was restricted to the self, as no such effect was observed in the categorization of attributes occurring above or below fixation. Overall, our findings seem to indicate that subliminally presented stimuli are not semantically processed, at least inasmuch as to be categorized as self-relevant or not. However, we do demonstrate that the distance at which acoustic stimuli are presented may alter the balance between self- and non-self biases.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Interplay between Narrative and Bodily Self in Access to Consciousness: No Difference between Self- and Non-self Attributes

et al. 2017

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“…This would extend the effects of synchrony beyond the social relation to the field of person perception. Initial support for this idea was reported by Tajadura-Jiménez, Lorusso and Tsakiris [ 29 ], who found that participants judged another’s face as more trustworthy after being touched synchronously than after an asynchronous manipulation. However, their study was focused on other variables, and no work has yet specifically investigated the role of the "enfacement illusion" in the evaluation of faces.…”

Section: A Role For the Enfacement Effect In Judging Trustworthinessmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…We found that under specific conditions, this could indeed be the case; sharing a synchronous stimulation (compared to shared asynchronous stimulation) can lead participants to judge the other’s face, and faces similar to the latter, as more trustworthy (Study 1), and remember the other’s face as more trustworthy than it really is (Study 2). Thus, the effects of synchrony can extend beyond the bond felt towards the synchronously stimulated person as well as the changes to the self-concept, and actually can render one’s impression and memory of a synchronously stimulated other more trustworthy (see also [ 29 ]).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Judged and Remembered Trustworthiness of Faces Is Enhanced by Experiencing Multisensory Synchrony and Asynchrony in the Right Order

Toscano

Schubert

2015

PLoS ONE

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This work builds on the enfacement effect. This effect occurs when experiencing a rhythmic stimulation on one’s cheek while seeing someone else’s face being touched in a synchronous way. This typically leads to cognitive and social-cognitive effects similar to self-other merging. In two studies, we demonstrate that this multisensory stimulation can change the evaluation of the other’s face. In the first study, participants judged the stranger’s face and similar faces as being more trustworthy after synchrony, but not after asynchrony. Synchrony interacted with the order of the stroking; hence trustworthiness only changed when the synchronous stimulation occurred before the asynchronous one. In the second study, a synchronous stimulation caused participants to remember the stranger’s face as more trustworthy, but again only when the synchronous stimulation came before the asynchronous one. The results of both studies show that order of stroking creates a context in which multisensory synchrony can affect the trustworthiness of faces.

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“…Tajadura-Jiménez, Lorusso, & Tsakiris, 2013), can alter cortical self-representations (e.g. Apps, Tajadura-Jiménez, Sereno, Blanke, Tsakiris, Hesse, Boy, Haggard, & Fink, 2007).…”

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confidence: 99%

Is that me in the mirror? Depersonalisation modulates tactile mirroring mechanisms

et al. 2016

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Mirror touch and sense of self 2 Highlights• Sense of bodily self is strongly linked with mirroring mechanisms• Mirroring for self-and other-related information differs at early and later stages • Depersonalisation specifically alters mirroring for self-related events• Mirroring thus depends on how connected one feels to one's bodily self Mirror touch and sense of self 3 AbstractOur sense of self is thought to develop through sensory-motor contingencies provided, not only by observing one's own body, but also by mirroring interactions with others. This suggests that there is a strong link between mirroring mechanisms and the bodily self. The present study tested whether this link is expressed at early, implicit stages of the mirroring process or at later, more cognitive stages. We also provide, to the best of our knowledge, the first demonstration of how inter-individual differences in our sense of bodily self may affect mirroring mechanisms. We used somatosensory event-related potentials (SEPs) to investigate the temporal dynamics of mirroring highly self-related information (viewed touch on one's own face) compared to other-related information (viewed touch on a stranger's face), in individuals with low and high levels of depersonalisation, a mental condition characterised by feeling detached or estranged from one's self and body. For the low-depersonalisation group, mirroring for self-related events (P45) preceded mirroring for other-related events (N80). At later stages (P200), mirroring was stronger for other-related than self-related events. This shows that early, implicit and later, more cognitive processes play different relative roles in mirroring self-and other-related bodily events. Critically, mirroring differed in the high-depersonalisation group, specifically for self-related events. An absence of early, implicit mirroring for self-related events over P45 suggests that the associated processes may be the neural correlates of the disembodiment experienced in depersonalisation. A lack of differential mirroring for self-and other-related events over P200 may reflect compensatory mechanisms that redress deficiencies in mirroring at earlier Mirror touch and sense of self 4 stages, which may break down to give rise to symptoms of depersonalisation.Alternatively, or in addition, they may represent an attenuation of processes related to self-other distinction. Our study thus shows that mirroring, especially for events on one's own face, can be strongly affected by how connected the observer feels to their own bodily self.

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Active and passive-touch during interpersonal multisensory stimulation change self–other boundaries

Cited by 25 publications

References 37 publications

Interplay between Narrative and Bodily Self in Access to Consciousness: No Difference between Self- and Non-self Attributes

Interplay between Narrative and Bodily Self in Access to Consciousness: No Difference between Self- and Non-self Attributes

Judged and Remembered Trustworthiness of Faces Is Enhanced by Experiencing Multisensory Synchrony and Asynchrony in the Right Order

Is that me in the mirror? Depersonalisation modulates tactile mirroring mechanisms

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