Active fault‐tolerant control for load frequency control in multi‐area power systems with physical faults and cyber attacks

Abstract

Summary Load frequency control (LFC) is an effective method to maintain frequency stability in power systems. With the large‐scale application of wide‐area measurement system (WAMS), impacts of unexpected physical faults and malicious cyber attacks on the frequency deviation damping performance of LFC systems cannot be ignored anymore. Different from the traditional robust‐based design methods, which assume that the operating parameters vary within a small range, physical and cyber failures may cause the significant structural or parametric changes in LFC system. Hence, a system parameter‐free active fault‐tolerant control (AFTC) strategy for LFC is proposed. First, a bank containing a series of controllers is predesigned to stabilize all the possible operation scenarios. Second, a zero trial‐and‐error selection scheme, which does not depend on prior system parameters is well‐designed to select the most matching controller. To enhance the fault‐tolerant ability in case of unmodeled faulty situations, an expansion scheme without any prior faulty information is proposed. Finally, simulation results of a three‐area‐interconnected power system show that our proposed method can ensure the smooth transition of LFC system under physical/cyber failures, thereby the reliability of power grid operation can be enhanced.

Distribution network risk assessment with distributed generation impact based on non-sequential Monte Carlo method

“…The interconnectivity between each component is relatively small, and it does not take into account the operating conditions of non-fault areas or the problems caused by the action of this component on non-fault areas. Wide area protection, by measuring various electrical information at all points within the system, can quickly locate faults [7], receive operational data from the entire system, and perform state estimation and safety assessment analysis on the system from the highest point, avoiding the occurrence of large-scale power outages. In wide-area protection, intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) play an indispensable role.…”

Robust Multi-Objective H2/H∞ Load Frequency Control of Multi-Area Interconnected Power Systems Using TS Fuzzy Modeling by Considering Delay and Uncertainty

“…Then, the open-loop TS system (9) will be converted into a closed-loop system by adding a PDC controller (24).…”

“…The authors of [23] present a control framework for the LFC of an interconnected hydro-hydro system by a combination of fuzzy logic and a PID controller that is efficiently optimized by PSO. In [24], an active fault-tolerant control technique without parameters of the system is suggested for LFC system design. First, to stable any feasible working scenario, a set of controllers is designed.…”

Detection of Data Integrity Attack Using Model and Data-Driven-Based Approach in CPPS

“…Terefore, two types of recursive estimators, namely, RLSE and RPME, are used in modelbased attack detection in CPPS. Te majority of attack detection research is conducted on AGC and LFC applications [26] but lacks analysis of DIA in FACTS-based WAC applications [27]. Attackers can implement the DIA on any application [28] in CPPS such as economic dispatch, state estimation, SCADA measurements, PMU, voltage control devices, control input, and inertia control.…”