Activity of Aloe vera, Apium graveolens and Sauropus androgynus Alcoholic Extracts against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Abstract

Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive bacteria that influence human health. Staphylococcus aureus becomes a more serious problem if it is resistant to methicillin. This phenomenon is known as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). This study aimed to elucidate the chemical compounds, antioxidant activity and efficacy of Aloe vera (AV), Apium graveolens (AG), Sauropus androgynus (SA) extracts and its combinations against MRSA. All the herbs were extracted and determined its antioxidant constituent and 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity using a standard laboratory procedure. The MRSA isolates were tested against AV, AG, SA extracts and its combinations using disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test. Further exploration was conducted using scanning electron microscope (SEM) to analyse the MRSA membrane after the treatment with 10,000× of magnification. The data was analysed using one-way ANOVA and post hoc test. The result showed that AG extract has the highest phytochemical screening and antimicrobial effects compared to the other single extract (AV and SA), even though, it has the lowest DPPH scavenging activity. The extract combinations did not consistently increase phytochemical content, antimicrobial effect, and DPPH scavenging activity of the herb extracts. However, one mg/mL of dose of herbal extracts and its combinations could be used as the minimum dose to inhibit colonisation of MRSA in vitro. Further, SEM examination showed that 1 mg/mL of dose destructed the MRSA membrane rigidity which was proved by non-uniformity of bacterial cell architecture. This in vitro study indicated that AV, AG and SA extracts and its combinations can utilize as the therapy against MRSA.

Effects of Sauropus androgynus extract and its combination with ampicillin against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: An in vitro study

“…This study demonstrated that MRSA has a high resistance profile against AMP, as reflected by the high concentration of AMP (1024 µg/ mL) on the inhibition of MRSA growth. Conversely, SAE inhibited MRSA at a concentration of 2 mg/mL, which was similar to that of a previous study [20]. The combination of SAE+AMP induced stronger bacteriostatic activity, which was supported by a decreased concentration of SAE+AMP to 0.5 mg/mL+4 µg/mL for MRSA inhibition, respectively.…”

Efficacy of celery (Apium graveolens L.) alcoholic extract against systemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in rat models

“…Celery exhibits several potential benefits against MRSA due to its biochemical content. A previous study described that celery contains alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, saponins, and tannins [ 7 ]. Phenolic compounds are the highest biochemical content of celery extract.…”

“…J01XA01, Amarox Pharma Global, Indonesia] per kg body weight [BW]) [ 11 ], Group P1 (infected with MRSA+1 mg celery extract per kg BW), Group P2 (infected with MRSA+2 mg celery extract per kg BW), and Group P4 (infected with MRSA+4 mg celery extract per kg BW). The celery extract doses were selected following a previous study [ 7 ]. MRSA infection was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 50 mL of 1.0 McFarland standard bacterial suspension.…”

“…One of them is celery ( Apium graveolens L.). Celery contains terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and tannins [ 7 ]. These components have been developed as antimicrobial agents due to their ability to inhibit membrane synthesis and destruct bacterial membrane osmolarity [ 8 ].…”

“…A previous study reported that 1 mg/mL of celery extract promotes membrane damage to MRSA in vitro [ 7 ]. Further exploration described that celery can be used as a cream-based therapy against MRSA infections in diabetic wounds [ 9 ].…”