Background and Aim: One of the complications of diabetes mellitus is diabetic ulcer. Diabetic ulcer is commonly infected by infectious agents, especially methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). This study aimed to evaluate the potential effects of alcoholic extracts of Aloe vera, Apium graveolens, and Sauropus androgynus on promoting wound healing in a diabetic wound infected with MRSA. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 male Sprague-Dawley rats (6 months old, weighing 250-300 g) were injected with 65 mg/kg body weight of streptozotocin to induce diabetes. On day 7, the backs of the rats were shaved, and two circular wounds (4 mm in diameter) were created on their back, which were infected with MRSA. The rats were divided into six groups: Group I = control, Group II = treated with cream base without extract, Group III = treated with 2% A. vera cream, Group IV = treated with 2% A. graveolens cream, Group V = treated with 2% S. androgynus cream, and Group VI = treated with 2% A. vera + 2% A. graveolens + 2% S. androgynus cream. The wounds were treated twice a day for 14 days. The data were collected on days 7 and 14. Results: The results showed that all three herbal extracts and their combination decreased wound area and percentage of the wound, increased tensile strength of skin, collagen deposition, vascular endothelial growth factor expression, and skin thickness, and depressed the C-reactive protein profile and cyclooxygenase-2 expression. Conclusion: A. vera, A. graveolens, and S. androgynus creams can be used as herbal therapies against diabetic wounds infected with MRSA, both as a single and combination treatment.

The recent method of treatment for trematodiasis in cattle (age 1-10 years) using albendazol (10% of orally suspension) has deducted to evaluate the effectiveness of this anthelmintic to eradicate the trematoda infection especially Fasciola sp. and Paramphistomum sp. in Pakem subdistrict, Sleman district, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta Provence. These two species of trematodes were the mostly found in Yogyakarta area according to the annualy reports of Idul Qurban slaughter day. The cows used in this study were determined from three groups of farmers society at Pakem area. The physical examination and feces samplings for worm egg identification by Parfitt and Banks method were done as early examination to all populations. The positive results of Fasciola sp. and Paramphistomum sp. eggs of cows then grouped  (Group A,B, and C) and treated with albendazole at dose of 10 mg/kg of body weight. All groups treated countinously for one year with albendazole; Group A  repeated every two months, group B every four months, and group C every six months, respectively. Before administered the next dosing, the feces samplings and worm eggs identification were conducted to measure the effectiveness of albendazole that had applied. The results of treatments were the finding of trematoda eggs in feces then calculated descriptively. The effectiveness of albendazol of two months repetition was 31,25-100%, every four months was 38,47-46,15% and  six months repeatly was 42,86%. It concluded that the highest effectiveness of albendazol to trematodiasis in cattle was two months repetition of treatment. The evaluation of albendazole treatments of cattle infected by Fasciola sp. and Paramphistomum sp. during 12 months resulted the low effectiveness because of only 30% of population that cured from infections. Keywords: cattle, albendazole, effectiveness, Fasciola sp., Paramphistomum sp. Abstrak            Penelitian metode pengobatan trematodiasis pada sapi dewasa (umur 1-10 tahun) menggunakan albendazol (sediaan suspensi oral 10%) dilakukan untuk mengetahui metode terapi yang paling efektif terhadap infestasi cacing yang sering terjadi pada ternak sapi di Indonesia, khususnya di wilayah Sleman, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Infestasi cacing trematoda terutama Fasciola sp. dan Paramphistomum sp. cukup sering ditemukan di wilayah ini, dan sering ditemukan saat pemeriksaan tahunan penyembelihan hewan pada perayaan Idul Qurban. Sampel yang digunakan adalah sapi-sapi yang dipelihara di 3 kelompok ternak ( kelompok A, B, dan C) di wilayah Kecamatan Pakem, Kabupaten Sleman. Pemeriksaan fisik dan feses untuk identifikasi telur cacing dilakukan terhadap seluruh populasi di ketiga kelompok. Pengobatan yang dilakukan adalah dengan albendazol dosis 10 mg/kg berat badan, dengan metode ulangan untuk Kelompok A setiap 2 bulan sekali, Kelompok B tiap 4 bulan sekali dan kelompok C tiap 6 bulan sekali,  selama satu tahun. Pemilihan sampel untuk pengamatan efektifitas obat cacing ditentukan pada sapi yang positif terinfeksi pada pemeriksaan pertama dengan ditemukan telur Fasciola sp. dan Paramphistomum sp. menggunakan metode Parfitt and Banks. Sebelum ulangan pengobatan, dilakukan pemeriksaan feses untuk mengukur efektivitas pengobatan sebelumnya. Berdasarkan data diketahui bahwa pengobatan albendazol dengan ulangan 2 bulan memberikan efektivitas berkisar 31,25-100%, ulangan 4 bulan 38,47-46,16% dan ulangan 6 bulan menghasilkan efektivitas sebesar 42,86%. Berdasarkan data tersebut disimpulkan bahwa efektivitas pengobatan menggunakan albendazol tertinggi diperoleh dengan cara mengulang pengobatan setiap 2 bulan sekali. Evaluasi terhadap seluruh populasi sapi yang terinfeksi Fasciola sp. dan Paramphistomum sp. selama 12 bulan menunjukkan rendahnya efektivitas albendazol karena hanya mampu menjaga ternak sapi dari infeksi kurang dari 30% populasi.Kata kunci : sapi, albendazol, efektivitas, Fasciola sp., Paramphistomum sp.

Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive bacteria that influence human health. Staphylococcus aureus becomes a more serious problem if it is resistant to methicillin. This phenomenon is known as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). This study aimed to elucidate the chemical compounds, antioxidant activity and efficacy of Aloe vera (AV), Apium graveolens (AG), Sauropus androgynus (SA) extracts and its combinations against MRSA. All the herbs were extracted and determined its antioxidant constituent and 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity using a standard laboratory procedure. The MRSA isolates were tested against AV, AG, SA extracts and its combinations using disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test. Further exploration was conducted using scanning electron microscope (SEM) to analyse the MRSA membrane after the treatment with 10,000× of magnification. The data was analysed using one-way ANOVA and post hoc test. The result showed that AG extract has the highest phytochemical screening and antimicrobial effects compared to the other single extract (AV and SA), even though, it has the lowest DPPH scavenging activity. The extract combinations did not consistently increase phytochemical content, antimicrobial effect, and DPPH scavenging activity of the herb extracts. However, one mg/mL of dose of herbal extracts and its combinations could be used as the minimum dose to inhibit colonisation of MRSA in vitro. Further, SEM examination showed that 1 mg/mL of dose destructed the MRSA membrane rigidity which was proved by non-uniformity of bacterial cell architecture. This in vitro study indicated that AV, AG and SA extracts and its combinations can utilize as the therapy against MRSA.

Abstract. Pratama AM, Herawati O, Nabila AN, Belinda TA, Wijayanti AD. 2021. Ethnoveterinary study of medicinal plants used for cattle treatment in Bojonegoro District, East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 4236-4245. Bojonegoro is a rural district in Indonesia's East Java Province where farming and cattle rearing are the main economic activities. The Bojonegoro District's cattle producers employ some medicinal plants specifically for the treatment of bovine illnesses. However, no data has been reported thus far. The goal of this research was to find and document ethnoveterinary medicinal herbs for cattle cures in the Bojonegoro District. A total of 41 cattle breeders were interviewed for the study. To collect demographic and ethnoveterinary medicinal plant data, each informant was interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire in the native language of each informant. The stastitical analysis in this study include informant consensus (Fic), Fidelity Level (FL), and Plant Part Frequency (PPF). Approximately 78.00% of the respondents are between the ages of 30 and 50, with 36.59% having only graduated from senior high school. The Peranakan Ongole (PO) is the most common breed preserved by cattle breeders. In the study area, 41 ethnoveterinary medicinal plants were mentioned by male respondents to cure cattle health problems. Digestive illnesses are the most frequent ailments in cattle treated with medicinal plants. Curcuma longa L. was the most commonly mentioned medicinal plant. A majority of the source ethnoveterinary medicinal plants were cultivated on-site and the leaves of these plants were most often used.

ABSTRAKBerbagai penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak media penumbuh sel punca mesenkimal (EMP-SPM), tanpa sel punca itu sendiri, telah ditemukan terdapat berbagai faktor tropik hasil sekresi sel punca mesenkimal di dalam media kultur yang dapat meregenerasi jaringan yang rusak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran kadar malondialdehid (MDA) dalam plasma dan ginjal tikus diabetes melitus tipe 2 (DMT2) dengan terapi EMPSPM. Dua puluh lima ekor tikus wistar digunakan dalam penelitian ini dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok yaitu kelompok DMT2 + 0,05 ml/kg BB EMPSPM (0,05); kelompok DMT2 + 0,1 ml/kg BB EMPSPM (0,1); kelompok DMT2 + 0,2 ml/kg BB EMPSPM (0,2), kelompok kontrol DMT2 (DMT2), dan kelompok sehat (KS). Induksi DMT2 dengan menggunakan streptozotosinnikotinamid (STZ-NA). Terapi mulai dilakukan pada hari ke 7 setelah kondisi DM tercapai, diberikan 4 kali dengan selang waktu 7 hari secara intraperitoneal. Data kadar glukosa darah dan MDA dianalisi secara statistik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa induksi DMT2 dengan STZ-NA dapat menaikkan kadar glukosa dan MDA dalam darah (P<0,05). Terapi 0,05; 0,1; dan 0,2 ml/kg BB EMPSPM menunjukkan dapat menurunkan kadar glukosa darah, kadar MDA plasma dan ginjal (P<0,05). Kadar 0,2 ml/kg BB EMPSPM menunjukkan aktifitas lebih baik dalam menurunkan kadar glukosa darah dan MDA. Berdasarkan penelitian ini, EMPSPM dapat menurunkan kadar glukosa darah serta kadar MDA dalam darah dan ginjal tikus DMT2.Kata kunci: EMPSPM, streptozotosin, nikotinamid, diabetes mellitus tipe 2, malondialdehid ABSTRACTVarious studies show that Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Conditioned Media (MSC-CM)), without the stem cells themselves, has been found to contain various trophic factor secretion results in a mesenchymal stem cell culture medium that can regenerate damaged tissue. This study aims to describe the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in plasma and kidneys of type 2 diabetes mellitus rats (T2DM) with MSC-CM therapy. Twenty five male Wistar rats used in this study were divided into 5 groups: T2DM + 0.05 ml/kg BW MSC-CM (0.05); T2DM + 0.1 ml/kg BW MSC-CM (0.1); T2DM + 0.2 ml/kg BB MSC-CM (0.2); the control group with T2DM (DMT2), and healthy group (KS). Induction of T2DM by using streptozotocin-nicotinamide (STZ-NA). Treatment started on day 7 after the DM condition is reached, given 4 times with an interval of 7 days, intraperitoneally. The datas blood glucose and MDA levels will be analyzed statistically. The results showed that the induction of T2DM with STZ-NA can increase glucose and MDA levels in the blood (P <0.05). Therapy 0.05; 0.1; and 0.2 ml/kg BW MSC-CM shown to reduce blood glucose levels, plasma MDA levels and kidney (P <0.05). Levels of 0.2 ml/kg MSC-CM showed better activity in lowering blood glucose and MDA levels. Based on this research, MSC-CM can lower blood glucose levels and MDA levels in the blood and kidneys of T2DM rats.