Activity of Euterpe edulis Martius, Mikania glomerata Spreng, and Mikania laevigata Schultz Bip. Extracts on Gastrointestinal Nematodes Toxocara canis and Ancylostoma caninum

Abstract

Background:Gastrointestinal parasitoses have high rates of morbidity and mortality. Each year about 3.5 billion people are affected by these diseases and 65,000 of them die, mostly in developing countries due to lack of basic sanitation, malnutrition, and poor access to medication. Thus, they constitute an important public health problem due to causing direct health problems related to lack of piped water, absence of sewage system, and lack of orientation. Objectives: Two in vitro assays were performed to evaluate the larvicidal and/or ovicidal activity of ethanol extracts obtained from the plants Euterpe edulis, Mikania laevigata, and Mikania glomerata on the gastrointestinal nematodes Toxocara canis and Ancylostoma caninum. Materials and Methods: In the first assay (A), T. canis eggs were exposed to three different concentrations (0.1 mg/mL, 1 mg/mL, and 10 mg/mL) of each extract, three different concentrations of albendazole (positive control), ethanol (solvent), and a negative control (no treatment), for 15 days at 26°C, under the shelter of light in order to evaluate the percentage of embryonated eggs in the presence of these extracts. In the second assay (B), the larvicidal activities of the species studied were evaluated in the different extract concentrations (0.1 mg/mL, 1 mg/mL, and 10 mg/mL), control, and solvent (ethanol), in coprocultures positive for A. caninum eggs. Results: In assay A, the results demonstrated inhibitory embryogenesis activity on T. canis eggs; however, no difference (P > 0.01) was found between the activities of the extracts. In the control group, there was a difference (P < 0.01) in relation to the tested extracts, in which this difference was not concentration-dependent. In assay B, all extracts showed inhibitory (P > 0.01) hatchability activity of A. caninum eggs in the control group. Conclusions: Through these results, the applicability of the used extracts in the control of eggs and/or larvae of T. canis and A. caninum is suggested. However, it is worth mentioning that further studies should be performed with the species E. edulis, M. glomerata and M. laevigata, using different extracts, new concentrations, and in vivo studies, in order to ensure further clarification on the agents responsible for the observed effects, degree of efficacy, and toxicity.

Review efek ekstrak tanaman berbeda sebagai anti-toxocara

“…Artemisia absinthium prepared by Yildiz et al (2011), they were extracted its flower and oil using diethyl ether, while Ramos et al (2015) used hydro alcohols. Mikania glomerata and M. laevigata were dried and extracted with ethanol (Zamprogno et al 2015). Klimpel et al (2010) obtained extracts of the Allium cepa via ethanol, methanol, water, and chloroform, while Orengo et al (2016a) only used ethanol and water as solvents for plant extraction in their in vitro study, and only ethanol in their in vivo investigation.…”

Anthelmintic Potential of Medicinal Plants against Ancylostoma caninum

“…Anthelmintic effects of bioactive compounds in plants may vary depending on the stage of development of the worm. Two studies of Mikania glomerata using eggs and larvae revealed that the ethanol extract of Mikania glomerata at a concentration of 0.1–10 mg/mL could inhibit egg hatchability, while the ethanol extract of Mikania glomerata required at least 25 mg/mL and 50 mg/mL to reduce the number of larvae to 13.30% and 61.66%, respectively [ 9 , 10 ].…”

“…Terpenes are a group of plant chemical compounds putative of acting as anthelmintic in this study. Diterpenes of kaurane class compounds present in Mikania glomerata and Mikania laevigata showed anthelmintic activity in infective larvae of A. caninum in vitro [ 9 , 10 ]. Low-level anthelmintic betulin and lupeol present in Diospyros anisandra are of triterpene compound [ 8 ].…”

“…Quercetin is a polyphenolic compound present in Euterpe edulis [ 10 ]. Quercetin is known to have anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, vasodilator, antiobesity, antihypercholesterolemic, and antiatherosclerotic activities [ 22 , 23 ].…”

Anthelmintic Activity of Extracts and Active Compounds From Diospyros anisandra on Ancylostoma caninum, Haemonchus placei and Cyathostomins

“…has not been reported. The ethanolic extracts of Canthium manii (1,000 μg/ml), Mikania laevigata, M. glomerata , and Euterpe edulis (10,000 μg/ml) demonstrated a PEI of 90, 21.8, 25.9, and 21.1% ( 41 , 42 ). To obtain PEIs similar to those reported in the present study, Wabo et al ( 41 ) required at least 10 times more concentrated.…”