Actualización sobre deficiencias nutricionales en la mujer deportista a partir de la literatura científica

Abstract

Las frutas exóticas se encuentran dentro del grupo de las frutas tropicales y su carácter perecedero limita su exportación a mercados distantes. En general, su consumo es local, son subutilizadas o poco valoradas tanto en el hogar como industrialmente; sin embargo, debido su alto valor nutricional, su consumo se ha incrementado significativamente en los últimos años. Estas frutas son fuente de compuestos bioactivos como fibra, vitamina C, carotenoides, ácidos fenólicos y polifenoles, los cuales han sido asociados a la reducción de los riesgos de enfermedades crónicas causadas por el estrés oxidativo. Estos compuestos bioactivos han demostrado que poseen varias actividades biológicas in vitro e in vivo incluyendo actividad antioxidante, antimicrobiana, antiinflamatoria, antiedad, neuroprotectora y antiviral entre otras. Por lo tanto, la obtención de ingredientes funcionales a partir de las frutas tropicales consideradas exóticas resulta viable; así como su utilización para el desarrollo de alimentos funcionales y nutracéuticos, para elaboración de productos de la industria farmacéutica y la conservación de alimentos. En la presente revisión se discute la información más relevante publicada en el período 2010-2020 de las principales bases de datos científicas, incluyendo Scopus, Science Direct, PubMed, Medline y Scielo, sobre los compuestos fenólicos y las bioactividades reportadas de las frutas tropicales exóticas como acai (Euterpe oleraceae), acerola (Malpighia emarginata), buruti (Mauritia flexuosa) caqui (Diospyros kaki), chicozapote (Manilkara zapota), litchi (Litchi chinensis), maracuyá (Passiflora edulis), noni (Morinda citrifolia) rambután (Nephelium lappaceum), pitaya blanca (Hylocereus undatus), pitaya roja (Hylocereus polyrhizus) y su relación con sus potenciales efectos benéficos en la salud. Exotic fruits are found in the group of tropical fruits and their perishable nature limits their export to distant markets. In general, their consumption is local; they are underutilized or little valued both at home and industrially; however, its consumption has increased significantly in recent years due to its high nutritional value. These fruits are a source of bioactive compounds such as fiber, vitamin C, carotenoids, phenolic acids and polyphenols, which have been associated with reducing the risks of chronic diseases caused by oxidative stress. These bioactive compounds have been shown to possess various in vitro and in vivo biological activities, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, neuroprotective, and among others. Therefore, obtaining functional ingredients from tropical fruits considered exotic is viable and used to develop functional and nutraceutical foods, prepare products for the pharmaceutical industry and food preservation. This review discusses the most relevant information published in the 2010-2020 period from the main scientific databases, including Scopus, Science Direct, PubMed, Medline and Scielo, on phenolic compounds and reported bioactivities of exotic tropical fruits such as acai (Euterpe oleraceae), acerola (Malpighia emarginata), persimmon (Diospyros kaki), chicozapote (Manilkara zapota), litchi (Litchi chinensis), passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) noni (Morinda citrifolia), rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum), white pitaya (Hylocereus undatus) and red pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) and their relationship with their potential beneficial effects on health.

Nutrition Status of Female Winter Sports Athletes

“…The main findings from this study were that both the HA group and LA group had similar and adequate dietary patterns with respect to macronutrients and micronutrients but insufficient energy intake, which corroborates what was published by Vazquez Franco et al in 2020 on the female athlete triad because of energy intake deficiencies where they recommended for Spanish women a macronutrient calorie profile of more than 55% of energy in the form of CH, 10-15% of energy in the form of protein, and between 30-35% of energy in the form of lipids [21]. Differences were found to be statistically significant between the HA and LA groups in the total amount of water, carbohydrate, fiber, and retinol intake, with the higher values in the HA group excepting for retinol.…”

“…Therefore, the athletes were probably at risk of low energy availability (LEA), a dangerous state that should be monitored by both parents and coaches. LEA occurs when there is insufficient energy to maintain basic physiological and endocrine functions, causing female athlete's triad, reduced performance, chronic fatigue sensation, low mood, poor concentration, impaired immune system, absence of menarche, and poor bone health [19,21,46]. In addition, LEA is associated with eating disorders [1].…”

“…Nutritional deficiencies in female athletes cause numerous health problems, as well as a worsening of sports performance, because of these nutritional deficiencies. Awareness of these deficiencies and their prevention should be a major aspect for any sports manager [21,22].…”