Acute and Chronic Over-Exertion: Do Depressed Immune Responses Provide Useful Markers?

Shephard, Roy J.; Shek, Pang N.

doi:10.1055/s-2007-971898

Cited by 44 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…sIgA monitoring may also be useful in determining the risk of infection [122,123] and excessive training in athletes [124,125]. Decreased levels of sIgA have been associated with stale, underperforming, and over-trained athletes [126][127][128][129].…”

Section: Salivary Immunoglobulinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Realising the Potential of Urine and Saliva as Diagnostic Tools in Sport and Exercise Medicine

Lindsay

Costello

2016

Sports Med

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Accurate monitoring of homeostatic perturbations following various psychophysiological stressors is essential in sports and exercise medicine. Various biomarkers are routinely used as monitoring tools in both clinical and elite sport settings. Blood collection and muscle biopsies, both invasive in nature, are considered the gold standard for the analysis of these biomarkers in exercise science. Exploring non-invasive methods of collecting and analysing biomarkers that are capable of providing accurate information regarding exercise-induced physiological and psychological stress is of obvious practical importance. This review describes the potential benefits, and the limitations, of using saliva and urine to ascertain biomarkers capable of identifying important stressors that are routinely encountered before, during, or after intense or unaccustomed exercise, competition, over-training, and inappropriate recovery. In particular, we focus on urinary and saliva biomarkers that have previously been used to monitor muscle damage, inflammation, cardiovascular stress, oxidative stress, hydration status, and brain distress. Evidence is provided from a range of empirical studies suggesting that urine and saliva are both capable of identifying various stressors. Although additional research regarding the efficacy of using urine and/or saliva to indicate the severity of exercise-induced psychophysiological stress is required, it is likely that these non-invasive biomarkers will represent "the future" in sports and exercise medicine.

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Section: Salivary Immunoglobulinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Realising the Potential of Urine and Saliva as Diagnostic Tools in Sport and Exercise Medicine

Lindsay

Costello

2016

Sports Med

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“…Hormone, immunological and psychological changes have been documented in overtrained endurance athletes (for review see Urhausen et al 1995;KenttaÈ and HassmeÂ n 1998;Shephard and Shek 1998). However, Fry et al (1998) suggested that overtraining in high-intensity strength exercise diers from the typical overtraining found in aerobic exercise.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in human skeletal muscle contractility and hormone status during 2 weeks of heavy strength training

Raastad¹,

Glomsheller²,

Bjøro³

et al. 2001

European Journal of Applied Physiology

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To examine neuromuscular and hormone changes during 2 weeks of heavy strength training, 18 weight-trained male students were recruited either into a heavy training group (HT, n = 11) or into a control group (Ctr, n = 7). The heavy training protocol consisted of leg-extensor workouts performed daily, while workouts were performed twice a week in the Ctr group. A test of one repetition maximum (1 RM) was performed before heavy training and on the 2nd day after heavy training. Isokinetic knee extensions, electrical stimulation, and squat jumps were performed before, on the 8th day of heavy training, and on the 4th day after heavy training. Morning blood samples (0800 hours) were drawn before, on the 8th day of heavy training, and on the 4th day after heavy training. Before, and on the 5th day after heavy training, 24 h urine samples were collected. The 1 RM leg press increased by 6 (SEM 2)% in the HT group. Testosterone and insulin-like growth factor-1 concentrations were respectively 12 (SEM 5)% and 11 (SEM 3)% lower than baseline on the 8th day of heavy training; however, hormone levels were back to baseline on the 4th day after heavy training. A significant correlation between individual changes in 1 RM leg press and changes in testosterone concentrations was observed in the HT group (r = 0.69). In the HT group, 24 h urinary catecholamine excretion increased by 26 (SEM 12)%, 3-methylhistidine excretion increased by 21 (SEM 6)% and creatinine excretion increased by 11 (SEM 5)%. There were no significant changes in the Ctr group. This work addresses the role of changes in basal hormone status (morning samples) for skeletal muscle adaptation to heavy strength training.

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“…19 Despite the limitations of measuring immunoglobulins in saliva, several researchers contend that monitoring salivary IgA levels may be useful in determining the risk of infection in elite athletes 3,[20][21][22] and identifying excessive training. 23,24 This has led to the establishment of recommendations for the practical application of this research by athletes and coaches 25,26 and sports physicians. 27 Detection of an increased incidence of upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) in elite athletes compared with the general population or control groups has not been convincing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise effects on mucosal immunity

Gleeson¹,

Pyne²

2000

Immunol Cell Biol

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SummaryThe present review examines the effects of exercise on mucosal immunity in recreational and elite athletes and the role of mucosal immunity in respiratory illness. Habitual exercise at an intense level can cause suppression of mucosal immune parameters, while moderate exercise may have positive effects. Saliva is the most commonly used secretion for measurement of secretory antibodies in the assessment of mucosal immune status. Salivary IgA and IgM concentrations decline immediately after a bout of intense exercise, but usually recover within 24 h. Training at an intense level over many years can result in a chronic suppression of salivary immunoglobulin levels. The degree of immune suppression and the recovery rates after exercise are associated with the intensity of exercise and the duration or volume of the training. Low levels of salivary IgM and IgA, particularly the IgA1 subclass, are associated with an increased risk of respiratory illness in athletes. Monitoring mucosal immune parameters during critical periods of training provides an assessment of the upper respiratory tract illness risk status of an individual athlete. The mechanisms underlying the mucosal immune suppression are unknown.

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Acute and Chronic Over-Exertion: Do Depressed Immune Responses Provide Useful Markers?

Cited by 44 publications

References 54 publications

Realising the Potential of Urine and Saliva as Diagnostic Tools in Sport and Exercise Medicine

Realising the Potential of Urine and Saliva as Diagnostic Tools in Sport and Exercise Medicine

Changes in human skeletal muscle contractility and hormone status during 2 weeks of heavy strength training

Exercise effects on mucosal immunity

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