Acute and Chronic Reactions to Black Fly Bites (Simulium Fly)

GUDGEL, EDWARD F.

doi:10.1001/archderm.1954.01540230059007

Cited by 30 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The histopathological study performed in the second case is supported by the findings of some previous workers, and the results are comparable. Gudgel and Grauer (1954) have reported the clinical history and findings in several cases of reaction to the bites of blackfly in Japan. They also reported that pruritis was especially intense after these bites, and lesions were kept raw with retarded healing due to excoriation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Their biopsies were made at six weeks and seven months, and showed marked epidermal changes including hyperkeratosis, parakeratoses, serous crust, intracellular edema with true vesicle formation, elongation of rete pegs and papillae, plus a chronic round cell infiltrate containing eosinophils with predominating distribution around blood vessels and glands and extending throughout the corium. 10 Stokes (1914) performed biopsies on 4-hour, 24-hour, 5-day and 18-day-old lesions caused by Simulium bites. He found that the principal changes were in the corium and consisted of vascular dilatation, edema, and polymorphonuclear leukocytic perivascular infiltrate with an early high eosinophilia but, in older lesions, an increase in mast and small round cells was noted.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Clinical and histopathological study of Simulium (blackfly) dermatitis from North‐Eastern India – a report

et al. 2011

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical and histopathological study of Simulium (blackfly) dermatitis from North‐Eastern India – a report

et al. 2011

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“…When vector control is not possible, repellents provide an inexpensive means of protecting individuals from insect bites (WHO 1995). Effective new repellents may encourage broader acceptability and use, thereby preventing bites that can lead to illness ranging from irritation to death (Gudgel andGrauer 1954, Pinheiro et al 1974).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Field Evaluation of Deet and a Piperidine Repellent AgainstAedes communis(Diptera: Culicidae) andSimulium venustum(Diptera: Simuliidae) in the Adirondack Mountains of New York

et al. 2000

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Repellent efficacy of N,N-diethyl-3-methyl-benzamide (deet), the piperidine, 1-[3-cyclohexen-1-ylcarbonyl]-2-methylpiperidine (AI3-37220), and a 1:1 ratio of deet + AI3-37220 were evaluated topically (0.25 mg/cm2 applied in ethanol solution) on human volunteers against the mosquito Aedes communis (DeGeer) and the black fly Simulium venustum Say. The average repellency of all three formulations was > 95% at 4 h. For both mosquitoes and black flies, deet alone provided < 90% protection at 6 h, whereas AI3-37220 provided > 95% protection. Although repellent treatments were not significantly different overall, the contrasts between AI3-3720 versus deet were significant at 6 and 8 h. The 95% confidence interval on percent repellency at 6 h ranged from 90.1 to 98.9% for AI3-37220 versus 64.3 to 82.2% for deet, and at 8 h ranged 76.1 to 88.5% for AI3-37220 versus 47.8 to 64.0% for deet. Similarly, the confidence interval for protection against black flies at 6 h by (AI3-37220 ranged from 86.3 to 99.5% and did not overlap with the confidence interval provided by deet alone (51.2 to 78.8%). There was no evidence of synergistic repellency from a combination of the two compounds; i.e., protection from combined compounds was no better than either repellent used alone.

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“…Severe reactions with marked oedema of limbs and constitutional upset occasionally occur and sometimes nodules and eczematous areas persist for several months. [35] Two patients with Simulium dermatitis from North-Eastern region of India had intense itching, excoriations, scarring, and hyperpigmentation. Histopathology showed vesicles, dermal oedema, and perivascular infiltrates rich in eosinophils and lymphocytes.…”

Section: Papular Pruritic Eruption Of Hiv/aidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insect bite reactions

Singh¹,

Mann²

2013

Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol

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Insects are a class of living creatures within the arthropods. Insect bite reactions are commonly seen in clinical practice. The present review touches upon the medically important insects and their places in the classification, the sparse literature on the epidemiology of insect bites in India, and different variables influencing the susceptibility of an individual to insect bites. Clinical features of mosquito bites, hypersensitivity to mosquito bites Epstein-Barr virus NK (HMB-EBV-NK) disease, eruptive pseudoangiomatosis, Skeeter syndrome, papular pruritic eruption of HIV/AIDS, and clinical features produced by bed bugs, Mexican chicken bugs, assassin bugs, kissing bugs, fleas, black flies, Blandford flies, louse flies, tsetse flies, midges, and thrips are discussed. Brief account is presented of the immunogenic components of mosquito and bed bug saliva. Papular urticaria is discussed including its epidemiology, the 5 stages of skin reaction, the SCRATCH principle as an aid in diagnosis, and the recent evidence supporting participation of types I, III, and IV hypersensitivity reactions in its causation is summarized. Recent developments in the treatment of pediculosis capitis including spinosad 0.9% suspension, benzyl alcohol 5% lotion, dimethicone 4% lotion, isopropyl myristate 50% rinse, and other suffocants are discussed within the context of evidence derived from randomized controlled trials and key findings of a recent systematic review. We also touch upon a non-chemical treatment of head lice and the ineffectiveness of egg-loosening products. Knockdown resistance (kdr) as the genetic mechanism making the lice nerves insensitive to permethrin is discussed along with the surprising contrary clinical evidence from Europe about efficacy of permethrin in children with head lice carrying kdr-like gene. The review also presents a brief account of insects as vectors of diseases and ends with discussion of prevention of insect bites and some serious adverse effects of mosquito coil smoke.

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Acute and Chronic Reactions to Black Fly Bites (Simulium Fly)

Cited by 30 publications

References 3 publications

Clinical and histopathological study of Simulium (blackfly) dermatitis from North‐Eastern India – a report

Clinical and histopathological study of Simulium (blackfly) dermatitis from North‐Eastern India – a report

Field Evaluation of Deet and a Piperidine Repellent AgainstAedes communis(Diptera: Culicidae) andSimulium venustum(Diptera: Simuliidae) in the Adirondack Mountains of New York

Insect bite reactions

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