Acute appetite reduction associated with an increased frequency of eating in obese males

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of altered feeding frequencies on the relationship between perceived hunger and subsequent food intake and appetite control in obese men. DESIGN: Obese men reported in a fasted state in the morning to the laboratory where an isoenergetic pre-load (4100 AE 234 kJ, which was 33% average daily energy requirement (ADER) of each subject) comprising 70% carbohydrate, 15% protein, and 15% fat was given. This was administered either as a SINGLE meal, or divided evenly over 5 meals given hourly as a MULTI feeding pattern. Five hours after the ®rst pre-load, an ad libitum test meal was given to determine whether there was a difference in the amount of energy that was consumed between the two eating patterns. SUBJECTS: Seven non-diabetic, non-smoking, unrestrained obese men (age 37.4 AE 18.5; BMI 40.02 AE 10.93 kgam 72 ) were recruited for this study. Subjects were not told the precise reasons for this study but rather were informed that changes in blood glucose, insulin and free fatty acids with meal frequency were to be monitored. MEASUREMENTS: Blood glucose, serum insulin and free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations, and visual analogue scales (VAS) were measured prior to commencing the feeding regime and thereafter hourly for 5 h. Thereafter an adlibitum meal was given. The weight (and energy content) of the food consumed, and the time taken to eat lunch were recorded. Following this ad libitum lunch, the same variables were determined again (15, 45, and 75 min post-test meal). RESULTS: When given a SINGLE pre-load, 27% more (t 2.651; P`0.05) energy was consumed in the ad libitum test meal (5261 AE 1289 kJ) compared to that eaten after the MULTI pre-load (3763 AE 1986 kJ). This increase in food intake occurred despite no signi®cant change in subjective hunger ratings. Over the 315 min pre-load period, peak insulin concentrations were signi®cantly higher (F 6,72 7.95, P`0.01) on the SINGLE treatment (171.2 AE 129.8 mU ml 71 ) than on the MULTI treatment (133.7 AE 70.2 mU ml 71 ). Serum insulin remained elevated for longer on the MULTI meal treatment, resulting in no difference in the area under the insulin curves between the two feeding treatments. There was a positive correlation (r 0.87) between the amount of energy consumed at lunch and insulin concentration before lunch in the SINGLE group. However, this relationship was not apparent when subjects were given the MULTI meal preload. CONCLUSION: Obese males fed an isoenergetic pre-load sub-divided into a multi-meal plan consumed 27% less at a subsequent ad libitum test meal than did the same men when given the pre-load as a single meal. Prolonged but attenuated increases in serum insulin concentration on the multi-meal programme may facilitate this acute reduction in appetite.

Decreased thermic effect of food after an irregular compared with a regular meal pattern in healthy lean women

“…A few experiments altered meal frequency during the experimental day and showed a greater appetite control with a higher meal frequency in lean 24 and obese men. 25 However, these are not directly comparable to the present study. We did not find any significant difference in fasting RMR across the four visits.…”

“…3,6,[18][19][20][21][22][23] Studies considering appetite ratings derived from visual analogue scales (VAS) have been undertaken in lean 24 and obese. 25 In both cases, subjects were given a large breakfast on one occasion or 5 smaller meals at hourly intervals on the other. The total food intake through the morning was the same.…”

Morning Meal More Efficient for Fat Loss in a 3-Month Lifestyle Intervention

“…Short-term changes have an immediate effect on food intake rhythmicity and, over time, the changes in rhythmic food intake lead to an increase in body weight. Higher calorie ingestion in the first part of the day determines changes in metabolism by increased satiation [25], improved insulin sensitivity [26], and reduced total daily energy intake [27]. It has been demonstrated that a time-restricted feeding regimen mice is a nonpharmacological strategy against obesity and associated diseases [28] and protects against obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and hepatic steatosis.…”

Habitual meal frequency and energy intake regulation in partially temporally isolated men

“…Moreover, a greater appetite control was associated with a manipulated increased frequency of eating in lean males, 3 and acute appetite reduction was associated with a manipulated increased frequency of eating in obese males. 4 The combination of these data suggests that improvements in appetite control appear when energy intake is spread evenly over the course of a day.…”