Habitual meal frequency and energy intake regulation in partially temporally isolated men

Westerterp-Plantenga, Margriet S.; Kovács, Éva; Melanson, Kathleen J.

doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801855

Cited by 52 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…This result could be in agreement with a previous study, 18 but in contrast to others. [19][20][21][22] A recent study 23 also reported no association between meal frequency and energy intake. The present study also shows no significant differences between the two meal patterns in the appetite ratings after the test meal.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Decreased thermic effect of food after an irregular compared with a regular meal pattern in healthy lean women

2004

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OBJECTIVES:To investigate the impact of irregular meal frequency on body weight, energy intake, appetite and resting energy expenditure in healthy lean women. DESIGN: Nine healthy lean women aged 18-42 y participated in a randomised crossover trial consisting of three phases over a total of 43 days. Subjects attended the laboratory at the start and end of phases 1 and 3. In Phase 1 (14 days), subjects were asked to consume similar things as normal, but either on 6 occasions per day (regular meal pattern) or follow a variable predetermined meal frequency (between 3 and 9 meals/day) with the same total number of meals over the week. In Phase 2 (14 days), subjects continued their normal diet as a wash-out period. In Phase 3 (14 days), subjects followed the alternative meal pattern to that followed in Phase 1. Subjects recorded their food intake for three predetermined days during the irregular period when they were eating 9, 3 and 6 meals/day. They also recorded their food intake on the corresponding days during the regular meal pattern period. Subjects fasted overnight prior to each laboratory visit, at which fasting resting metabolic rate (RMR) was measured by open-circuit indirect calorimetry. Postprandial metabolic rate was then measured for 3 h after the consumption of a milkshake test meal (50% CHO, 15% protein and 35% fat of energy content). Subjects rated appetite before and after the test meal. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in body weight and 3-day mean energy intake between the regular and irregular meal pattern. In the irregular period, the mean energy intake on the day when 9 meals were eaten was significantly greater than when 6 or 3 meals were consumed (P ¼ 0.0001). There was no significant difference between the 3 days of the regular meal pattern. Subjective appetite measurement showed no significant differences before and after the test meal in all visits. Fasting RMR showed no significant differences over the experiment. The overall thermic effect of food (TEF) over the 3 h after the test meal was significantly lower after the irregular meal pattern (P ¼ 0.003). CONCLUSION: Irregular meal frequency led to a lower postprandial energy expenditure compared with the regular meal frequency, while the mean energy intake was not significantly different between the two. The reduced TEF with the irregular meal frequency may lead to weight gain in the long term.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3,6,[18][19][20][21][22][23] Studies considering appetite ratings derived from visual analogue scales (VAS) have been undertaken in lean 24 and obese. 25 In both cases, subjects were given a large breakfast on one occasion or 5 smaller meals at hourly intervals on the other.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decreased thermic effect of food after an irregular compared with a regular meal pattern in healthy lean women

2004

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“…may be more closely related to compositional aspects that promote slower rates of digestion and absorption in the gut, rather than postprandial glycaemia per se . Habitual meal frequency is based upon a cluster of related factors including macronutrient composition of the food, sweetness perception, hunger suppression, but also on blood glucose declines and average blood glucose levels (166). Changes in glycaemia thus appear as only one of the criteria involved in food intake regulation.…”

Section: Future Developmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gastrointestinal targets of appetite regulation in humans

et al. 2010

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Summary The aim of this paper is to describe and discuss relevant aspects of the assessment of physiological functions – and related biomarkers – implicated in the regulation of appetite in humans. A short introduction provides the background and the present state of biomarker research as related to satiety and appetite. The main focus of the paper is on the gastrointestinal tract and its functions and biomarkers related to appetite for which sufficient data are available in human studies. The first section describes how gastric emptying, stomach distension and gut motility influence appetite; the second part describes how selected gastrointestinal peptides are involved in the control of satiety and appetite (ghrelin, cholecystokinin, glucagon‐like peptide, peptide tyrosin‐tyrosin) and can be used as potential biomarkers. For both sections, methodological aspects (adequacy, accuracy and limitation of the methods) are described. The last section focuses on new developments in techniques and methods for the assessment of physiological targets involved in appetite regulation (including brain imaging, interesting new experimental approaches, targets and markers). The conclusion estimates the relevance of selected biomarkers as representative markers of appetite regulation, in view of the current state of the art.

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“…The guidelines were presented as information letters applicable and readable for every individual, and contained general information based on scientific research about diet (eg portion size, meal frequency, macronutrients, snacks, breakfast, fibers and water, etc [27][28][29][30] ), or about exercise (eg physical activity level, low/ moderate/high intensity, activity induced decrease in appetite, activity energy expenditure as compared to total energy expenditure, maintain fat-free mass (FFM), prevent osteoporosis, importance of walking and cycling, etc [31][32][33][34][35][36][37] ), or about diet þ exercise, 38,39 or about all other cues but diet þ exercise (placebo or distraction from obsessive dieting). Frequent dieting is one of the strategies for subjects to maintain their weight, while it has been shown that this can have a contrary effect.…”

Section: Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Categorical strategies based on subject characteristics of dietary restraint and physical activity, for weight maintenance

Vogels

Westerterp-Plantenga

2005

Int J Obes

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OBJECTIVE:The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of categorical strategies based on subject-specific characteristics of dietary restraint and physical activity, on weight maintenance (WM) in overweight and obese subjects, after a very low calorie diet (VLCD). Furthermore, find predictors of WM that can be important in the context of obesity treatment. METHODS: In all, 120 subjects (age: 49.079.8 y, BMI 31.073.8 kg/m 2 ) followed a VLCD (2.1 MJ/day) for 6 weeks in a freeliving situation, followed by a period of 1 y WM. Body weight (BW), body composition, leptin concentration, dietary restraint and physical activity were determined right before (t0) and after (t1) the VLCD, after 3 months (t2) and after 1 y (t3). During WM, subjects were divided into four categories of WM guidelines (dietary, activity, diet þ activity, placebo), taking their capability measured during weight loss and their preference for particular guidelines into account. RESULTS: BW loss during VLCD was 7.073.1 kg. After 1 y follow-up, BW regain was 56.3755.0%, without significant differences between the four groups. With respect to measured capability during weight loss, subjects with an increased dietary restraint (F1 of the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire) had less BW regain than subjects with an increased physical activity (Baecke questionnaire) (35.5753.2 vs 68.5746.4%, Po0.05). Moreover, activity guidelines promoted WM in dietary disciplined subjects compared to activity-related disciplined subjects (%regain: 25.2 vs 74.3%, Po0.05). Subjects receiving guidelines that were opposite to their preference showed a better WM than subjects receiving preferred guidelines. After 1 y WM, 21 subjects were successful (o10% BW regain) and 99 unsuccessful (Z10% BW regain). At baseline, these groups were significantly different in BMI (resp. 32.774.9 vs 30.773.5 kg/m 2 , Po0.05), waist circumference (106.5714.0 vs 100.6711.2 cm, Po0.05) and fat mass (FM) (35.2710.6 vs 32.176.6%, P ¼ 0.06). Finally, successful subjects appeared to spare fat-free mass (FFM) to a greater extent than unsuccessful subjects. CONCLUSION: After weight loss, type of guidelines (dietary, activity, placebo) is not related to the magnitude of WM, whereas guidelines opposite to the subject's capability and preference are related. These only reach successful WM (490%) in originally dietary disciplined subjects who are supported by characteristics such as a relatively high baseline BMI, waist circumference and FM, together with the ability to spare FFM.

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Habitual meal frequency and energy intake regulation in partially temporally isolated men

Cited by 52 publications

References 29 publications

Decreased thermic effect of food after an irregular compared with a regular meal pattern in healthy lean women

Decreased thermic effect of food after an irregular compared with a regular meal pattern in healthy lean women

Gastrointestinal targets of appetite regulation in humans

Categorical strategies based on subject characteristics of dietary restraint and physical activity, for weight maintenance

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