Acute bacterial conjunctivitis

Høvding, Gunnar

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0420.2007.01006.x

Cited by 192 publications

(199 citation statements)

References 102 publications

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“…The effective use of antibiotics to treat ophthalmic infections requires an understanding of the disease and pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of the antibiotics indicated for the treatment. [1][2][3] The most common ocular infections seen by primary care physicians worldwide is bacterial conjunctivitis, 4 bacterial keratitis, 5 endophthalmitis, 6 bacterial blepharitis, 7 orbital cellulitis, and other periorbital infections. 8 Broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy for bacterial infections is initially recommended to prevent any decline in vision or permanent vision loss that may require surgical intervention.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Emergence of Fluoroquinolone Resistance on Intrinsic Expression of P-Glycoprotein Phenotype in Corneal Epithelial Cells

Barot

Gokulgandhi

Haghnegahdar

et al. 2011

Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics

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Purpose: Multidrug resistance (MDR) represents a major obstacle to the success of antimicrobial fluoroquinolone (FQ) therapy. MDR-associated efflux protein pumps antimicrobial agents out of the corneal cells, leading to suboptimal eradication of microbes. This article examines whether long-term FQ (levofloxacin, ofloxacin, and gatifloxacin) therapy can modify the MDR phenotype (P-glycoprotein [P-gp]) on corneal epithelial cells (Statens Seruminstitut Rabbit Cornea [SIRC]). Methods: To study the effect of FQ, SIRC cells without any exposure to FQ (control) were compared with the cells exposed to ofloxacin, levofloxacin, and gatifloxacin at a concentration of 10 mg/mL for 3 weeks. Efflux activity of P-gp was assessed by in vitro uptake studies (fluorescent and radioactive), flow cytometry, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Results: In the presence of FQ, elevated P-gp expression was noted with uptake, flow cytometry, and qRT-PCR analyses. This study confirms that long-term exposure to antibiotics, particularly FQ, can induce overexpression of P-gp efflux transporter present on the corneal cells. P-gp overexpression is commonly noticed in anticancer drug resistance cell lines; however, for the first time, this report describes overexpression of P-gp due to FQ exposure. Conclusions: Based on this result, it is suggested that strategies should be developed and implemented not only to overcome resistance to ocular pathogen but also to FQ-induced cellular resistance.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Emergence of Fluoroquinolone Resistance on Intrinsic Expression of P-Glycoprotein Phenotype in Corneal Epithelial Cells

Barot

Gokulgandhi

Haghnegahdar

et al. 2011

Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics

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“…This common ocular surface infection is caused by a broad variety of bacteria and is usually treated with broad-spectrum topical ophthalmic antibacterials (1,13,19,20). The increasing prevalence of drug-resistant ocular isolates highlights the need for the development of new agents for the treatment of bacterial infections (8).…”

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confidence: 99%

Besifloxacin, a Novel Fluoroquinolone, Has Broad-Spectrum In Vitro Activity against Aerobic and Anaerobic Bacteria

Haas¹,

Pillar

Zurenko³

et al. 2009

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

100

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The antibacterial spectrum of besifloxacin, a novel fluoroquinolone recently approved for treatment of ocular infections, was studied using 2,690 clinical isolates representing 40 species. Overall, besifloxacin was the most potent agent tested against gram-positive pathogens and anaerobes and was generally equivalent to comparator fluoroquinolones in activity against most gram-negative pathogens. Besifloxacin demonstrated potent, broad-spectrum activity, which was particularly notable against gram-positive and gram-negative isolates that were resistant to other fluoroquinolones and classes of antibacterial agents.Bacterial conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the transparent mucous membrane covering the globe of the eye. This common ocular surface infection is caused by a broad variety of bacteria and is usually treated with broad-spectrum topical ophthalmic antibacterials (1,13,19,20). The increasing prevalence of drug-resistant ocular isolates highlights the need for the development of new agents for the treatment of bacterial infections (8). Besifloxacin ( Fig. 1) is a novel 8-chloro-fluoroquinolone agent with potent, bactericidal activity against prevalent and drug-resistant pathogens (6). Clinical development of the agent for use as a topical ophthalmic agent has been completed, and the agent has demonstrated consistent safety and efficacy in three bacterial conjunctivitis clinical trials (14,16,21). Pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated that after a single topical dose of 0.6% besifloxacin ophthalmic suspension, mean besifloxacin levels in human tears ranged from 610 g/ml at 10 min postadministration to 1.6 g/ml at 24 h postadministration (12). Here, the in vitro activity of besifloxacin against a broad range of aerobic and anaerobic bacterial species, including problematic drug-resistant strains, was evaluated.Totals of 2,535 aerobic and 155 anaerobic bacterial clinical isolates from Eurofins Medinet (Chantilly, VA) were selected for the study. The majority of isolates were from 2005 to 2008, and wherever possible, isolates were from ocular and respiratory specimens of U.S. origin. Susceptibility testing was conducted per Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute reference methods (9-11).Activity of besifloxacin against gram-positive aerobes. Against Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium, including vancomycin-resistant enterococci, besifloxacin was more potent than the comparator fluoroquinolones, as well as azithromycin, vancomycin, and tobramycin (Table 1). Besifloxacin further demonstrated excellent activity against Listeria monocytogenes, similar to that of tobramycin and penicillin and better than that observed with comparator fluoroquinolones.For Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis, previously reported MIC 50 s/MIC 90 s were consistent with current besifloxacin values for quinolone-susceptible and quinolone-resistant subsets (3,5,14). Besifloxacin was especially potent against ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates; for example, the MIC 90 s for non-ciprofloxacin-susceptible S. aureus were 4 g/ml for...

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“…Ocular adenovirus infections are seen as outbreaks especially in conditions of poor hygiene, crowded places and in tropical climate areas (16). Although limited data has been reported about incidence and epidemiology of ocular adenovirus infections in United States and European countries, over a million cases have been reported by national surveillance studies in Japan annually (17,18). In our country, there have been no enough study about the epidemiology of ocular adenovirus infections.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Investigation of Adenoviruses in Patients with Conjunctivitis by Various Methods

Kiraz

Gökahmetoğlu

Özüberk

et al. 2013

EUR J BASIC MED SCI

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Adenoviruses are the most common causative agents of epidemics of community acquired and nosocomial conjunctivitis. Adenoviruses are resistant to physical and chemical factors and they can spread easily. Due to these factors, rapid and accurate diagnosis is very important in adenoviral eye infections. In this study, it was aimed to investigate adenoviruses from conjunctival swab samples of 50 patients suspected of adenoviral conjunctivitis by two different cell culture and PCR methods. Conjunctival swab samples from patients suspected of adenoviral conjunctivitis were taken between March 2012-December -11, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 22 cause conjunctivitis, serotypes 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 19, 21, 22, 29, 34, 37, 53, 54, 56 cause epidemic keratoconjunctivitis and serotypes 3, 4 and 7 cause pharyngoconjunctival fever (5,7,8). Outbreaks of adenoviral infections are common (9). Due to remaining infectious at room temperature for weeks and high level of resistance to environmental factors, transmission of adenovirus may occur easily (9,10). As can be transmitted from person to person, transmission may occur through water, objects and medical devices. Therefore nosocomial adenovirus infections can be seen (10).Adenoviral infections are mainly diagnosed by direct methods such as cell culture, nucleic acid detection and antigen detection (10,11). Indirect diagnosis based on the serological methods are mainly preferred in epidemiological researches instead of diagnosing adenoviral infections because of their low sensitivity rates (11). Rapid diagnose in adenoviral eye infections, especially in outbreaks of nosocomial conjunctivitis is very important and essential for confirmation of clinical diagnosis, limiting the spread of infection, implementation of appropriate protective measures and prevention of inappropriate treatment (12). Promptly isolation of infected individuals is critically important for control of outbreaks in both community acquired and nosocomial outbreaks (13). In this study, it was aimed to investigate adenovirus from conjunctival swab samples of patients suspected of adenoviral conjunctivitis by cell culture and PCR methods. MATERIALS AND METHODSThis study was performed in Virology Laboratory, with approval of Local Ethics Committee approval (06/05/2010) and supported by Scientific Research Projects Department (TSU-11-3645 code number). Total of 50 patients admitted to Ophthalmology Clinic whom suspected of adenoviral conjunctivitis between March 2012-December 2012 were included in this study. Two sets of conjunctival swab samples using plastic handle with a Dacron swab were taken from each patient. All samples were hold in viral transport medium (Vircell, Spain) in -70 °C until the day of study. One of the viral transport medium was used in

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Acute bacterial conjunctivitis

Cited by 192 publications

References 102 publications

Effect of Emergence of Fluoroquinolone Resistance on Intrinsic Expression of P-Glycoprotein Phenotype in Corneal Epithelial Cells

Effect of Emergence of Fluoroquinolone Resistance on Intrinsic Expression of P-Glycoprotein Phenotype in Corneal Epithelial Cells

Besifloxacin, a Novel Fluoroquinolone, Has Broad-Spectrum In Vitro Activity against Aerobic and Anaerobic Bacteria

Investigation of Adenoviruses in Patients with Conjunctivitis by Various Methods

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