Acute diarrhea with blood: diagnosis and drug treatment

Gouveia, Mara Alves da Cruz; Lins, Manuela Torres Camara; Silva, Giselia Alves Pontes da

doi:10.1016/j.jped.2019.08.006

Cited by 24 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…RT-PCR analysis indicated the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in both the nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal mucosa, and in diarrhea specimens, while the serum was negative for the virus ( Ding and Liang, 2020 ; Holshue et al., 2020 ). During clinical episodes of acute and/or severe diarrhea, the human GI tract is highly dehydrated and a high level of pathogen colonization and infestation is observed ( Mitrea et al., 2017 ; Da Cruz Gouveia et al., 2020 ). Severe diarrheal episodes cause a strong imbalance and dysbiosis within the intestinal ecosystem and significantly affect electrolyte availability, leading to a rapid weakening of general health ( Guyton and Hall, 2010 ).…”

Section: Resistance In the Human Body: How Is Human Microbiota Affectmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Caused by (SARS-CoV-2) Infections: A Real Challenge for Human Gut Microbiota

Vodnar

Mitrea

Teleky

et al. 2020

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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The current COVID-19 pandemic is a great challenge for worldwide researchers in the human microbiota area because the mechanisms and long-term effects of the infection at the GI level are not yet deeply understood. In the current review, scientific literature including original research articles, clinical studies, epidemiological reports, and review-type articles concerning human intestinal infection with SARS-CoV-2 and the possible consequences on the microbiota were reviewed. Moreover, the following aspects pertaining to COVID-19 have also been discussed: transmission, resistance in the human body, the impact of nutritional status in relation to the intestinal microbiota, and the impact of comorbid metabolic disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBS), obesity, and type two diabetes (T2D). The articles investigated show that health, age, and nutritional status are associated with specific communities of bacterial species in the gut, which could influence the clinical course of COVID-19 infection. Fecal microbiota alterations were associated with fecal concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 severity. Patients suffering from metabolic and gastrointestinal (GI) disorders are thought to be at a moderate-to-high risk of infection with SARS-CoV-2, indicating the direct implication of gut dysbiosis in COVID-19 severity. However, additional efforts are required to identify the initial GI symptoms of COVID-19 for possible early intervention.

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Section: Resistance In the Human Body: How Is Human Microbiota Affectmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Caused by (SARS-CoV-2) Infections: A Real Challenge for Human Gut Microbiota

Vodnar

Mitrea

Teleky

et al. 2020

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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“…Diarrhea is estimated to occur in millions of patients, and diarrheal diseases cause losses of billions of dollars in healthcare expenditure every year globally. 36 Various types of diarrhea are considered to be caused by different factors; therefore, elucidating the specific mechanisms and providing precise therapeutic methods for diarrhea is important. In this study, we used a model of post-weaning diarrhea in piglets and found that reduced expression levels of miRNAs in the feces were associated with significantly altered microbial composition and their metabolites.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intestinal accumulation of microbiota-produced succinate caused by loss of microRNAs leads to diarrhea in weanling piglets

et al. 2022

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Diarrheal disease is a common health problem with complex causality. Although diarrhea is accompanied by disturbances in microbial diversity, how gut microbes are involved in the occurrence of diarrhea remains largely unknown. Here, using a pig model of post-weaning stress-induced diarrhea, we aim to elucidate and enrich the mechanistic basis of diarrhea. We found significant alterations in fecal microbiome, their metabolites, and microRNAs levels in piglets with diarrhea. Specifically, loss of ssc-miRNA-425-5p and ssc-miRNA-423-3p, which inhibit the gene expression of fumarate reductase ( frd ) in Prevotella genus, caused succinate accumulation in piglets, which resulted in diarrhea. Single-cell RNA sequencing indicated impaired epithelial function and increased immune response in the colon of piglet with diarrhea. Notably, the accumulated succinate increased colonic fluid secretion by regulating transepithelial Cl-secretion in the epithelial cells. Meanwhile, succinate promoted colonic inflammatory responses by activating MyD88-dependent TLR4 signaling in the macrophages. Overall, our findings expand the mechanistic basis of diarrhea and suggest that colonic accumulation of microbiota-produced succinate caused by loss of miRNAs leads to diarrhea in weanling piglets.

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“…Children under age of 6 months should get 10 mg every day for 10 days. 16 For Shigella gastroenteritis with culture-proven or even suspected symptoms, antibiotic treatment is always advised. Since humans are Shigella's only host, antibiotic therapy for the disease aims to both alleviate symptoms and eradicate the source of infection.…”

Section: Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Causes, clinical assessment and management of paediatric bloody diarrhoea

Alshaikh

Alshehri²,

Alsubaihi³

et al. 2022

Int J Community Med Public Health

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Despite being easily preventable and treatable, diarrhoea continues to be a serious public health problem in impoverished and emerging countries. It is a typical sign of gastrointestinal issues brought on by numerous pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. Particularly in developing nations it is of great concern as it is associated with considerable mortality and morbidity in children. Despite the decline in mortality rate, it is still the second leading cause of mortality among children under five years of age. Bloody diarrhoea is characterized by intestinal inflammation, particularly of the colon, stomach pain, and severe diarrhoea with blood or mucus in the faeces. It is also referred as dysentery. Among the bacteria and parasites that cause dysentery include Entamoeba histolytica, Shigella, Campylobacter, Salmonella, Schistosoma mansoni, and Campylobacter. The most common cause of this disease is Shigella. The purpose of this research is to review the available information about causes, clinical assessment and management of paediatric bloody diarrhoea. Stool culture is a standard diagnostic measure. Digestive issues and nutritional inadequacies are more frequent in children with bloody diarrhoea. Bloody diarrhoea often lasts longer and is more problematic than watery diarrhoea. It has a high percentage of case fatalities and adversely impacts a child's growth. Rehydration therapy shall be started immediately to prevent dehydration associated complications and fatalities. Treatment with fluoroquinolones as first-line medications, beta-lactams and cephalosporins as second-line medications is recommended. Further clinical research is however needed to define the clinical efficacy of available treatment and management strategies.

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Acute diarrhea with blood: diagnosis and drug treatment

Cited by 24 publications

References 47 publications

Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Caused by (SARS-CoV-2) Infections: A Real Challenge for Human Gut Microbiota

Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Caused by (SARS-CoV-2) Infections: A Real Challenge for Human Gut Microbiota

Intestinal accumulation of microbiota-produced succinate caused by loss of microRNAs leads to diarrhea in weanling piglets

Causes, clinical assessment and management of paediatric bloody diarrhoea

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