Acute effect of meal glycemic index and glycemic load on blood glucose and insulin responses in humans

Abstract

Objective: Foods with contrasting glycemic index when incorporated into a meal, are able to differentially modify glycemia and insulinemia. However, little is known about whether this is dependent on the size of the meal. The purposes of this study were: i) to determine if the differential impact on blood glucose and insulin responses induced by contrasting GI foods is similar when provided in meals of different sizes, and; ii) to determine the relationship between the total meal glycemic load and the observed serum glucose and insulin responses. Methods:Twelve obese women (BMI 33.7 ± 2.4 kg/m 2 ) were recruited. Subjects received 4 different meals in random order. Two meals had a low glycemic index (40-43%) and two had a highglycemic index (86-91%). Both meal types were given as two meal sizes with energy supply corresponding to 23% and 49% of predicted basal metabolic rate. Thus, meals with three different glycemic loads (95, 45-48 and 22 g) were administered. Blood samples were taken before and after each meal to determine glucose, free-fatty acids, insulin and glucagon concentrations over a 5-h period.Results: An almost 2-fold higher serum glucose and insulin incremental area under the curve (AUC) over 2 h for the high-versus low-glycemic index same sized meals was observed (p < 0.05), however, for the serum glucose response in small meals this was not significant (p = 0.38). Calculated meal glycemic load was associated with 2 and 5 h serum glucose (r = 0.58, p < 0.01) and insulin (r = 0.54, p < 0.01) incremental and total AUC. In fact, when comparing the two meals with similar glycemic load but differing carbohydrate amount and type, very similar serum glucose and insulin responses were found. No differences were observed for serum free-fatty acids and glucagon profile in response to meal glycemic index. Conclusion:This study showed that foods of contrasting glycemic index induced a proportionally comparable difference in serum insulin response when provided in both small and large meals. The same was true for the serum glucose response but only in large meals. Glycemic load was useful in predicting the acute impact on blood glucose and insulin responses within the context of mixed meals.

No Apparent Impact of Meal Glycemic Index on Postprandial Lipid Response in Lean and Abdominally Obese Women

“…This is similar to findings of Bukkapatnam, et al, [28] and Perälä, et al, [29]. Our findings are in contrast to Galgani, et al, [42] and Diaz, et al, [45] who noted that serum free fatty acids were elevated four and five hours after consumption of a low GI meal compared to a high GI meal. The authors speculate that the higher insulin levels released with the high GI meal enhance clearance of free fatty acids and/or enhance suppression the release of free fatty acids [42,45].…”

Glycaemic and insulinaemic properties of some German honey varieties

“…With regard to the low GI values in most of the honey species, these honey varieties may be recommended for individuals with impaired glucose tolerance or insulin resistance instead of saccharose in meals, particularly breakfast preparations (Wolever and Mehling, 2003;Galgani et al, 2006;Wolever et al, 2006). This information may be useful for predicting the glycaemic effects of composite breakfast meals and for improving the postprandial metabolic response as well as appetite regulation (Flint et al, 2006).…”

The role of dietotherapy in prevention of a diabetic fetopathy at women with gestational diabetes mellitus

“…Постпрандиальная гипергликемия матери яв-ляется ведущей причиной развития макросомии плода, так как трансплацентарный перенос глю-козы происходит по градиенту концентрации и не является инсулинзависимым процессом [21,23,28]. Соответственно, ограничение одномо-ментного поступления в кровоток беременной значительного количества углеводов, а также снижение их ГИ стратегически может улучшить течение и исходы беременности при ГСД за счет снижения гиперинсулинемии [15] и оксидатив-ного стресса [26].…”