Acute Effects of Ambient Particulate Matter on Mortality in Europe and North America: Results from the APHENA Study

Samoli, Evangelia; Peng, Roger D.; Ramsay, Tim; Pipikou, Marina; Touloumi, Giota; Dominici, Francesca; Burnett, Rick; Cohen, Aarón; Krewski, Daniel; Jm, Samet; Katsouyanni, Klea

doi:10.1289/ehp.11345

Cited by 372 publications

(226 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…However, for regions with comparable sources of air pollution and a similar range of living conditions as in the USA the ACS results appear to be representative. For example, COMEAP (2009) concludes that the "ACS cohort study of several hundred thousand people in metropolitan areas across the USA forms the best source of coefficients suitable for application in the UK", in agreement with a combined European and North American study of air pollution and health (Samoli et al, 2008). Furthermore, factors such Page 39 of 39 Fig.…”

Section: Discussion Of Uncertaintiesmentioning

confidence: 90%

Model calculated global, regional and megacity premature mortality due to air pollution

et al. 2013

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Air pollution by fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) and ozone (O₃) has increased strongly with industrialization and urbanization. We estimate the premature mortality rates and the years of human life lost (YLL) caused by anthropogenic PM_2.5 and O₃ in 2005 for epidemiological regions defined by the World Health Organization (WHO). This is based upon high-resolution global model calculations that resolve urban and industrial regions in greater detail compared to previous work. Results indicate that 69% of the global population is exposed to an annual mean anthropogenic PM_2.5 concentration of >10 μg m⁻³ (WHO guideline) and 33% to > 25 μg m⁻³ (EU directive). We applied an epidemiological health impact function and find that especially in large countries with extensive suburban and rural populations, air pollution-induced mortality rates have been underestimated given that previous studies largely focused on the urban environment. We calculate a global respiratory mortality of about 773 thousand/year (YLL ≈ 5.2 million/year), 186 thousand/year by lung cancer (YLL ≈ 1.7 million/year) and 2.0 million/year by cardiovascular disease (YLL ≈ 14.3 million/year). The global mean per capita mortality caused by air pollution is about 0.1% yr⁻¹. The highest premature mortality rates are found in the Southeast Asia and Western Pacific regions (about 25% and 46% of the global rate, respectively) where more than a dozen of the most highly polluted megacities are located

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Section: Discussion Of Uncertaintiesmentioning

confidence: 90%

Model calculated global, regional and megacity premature mortality due to air pollution

et al. 2013

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“…The poor air quality of the city in terms of particulate matter is attributed mainly to emissions from exhaust of motor vehicles, coal based thermal power plants and commercial and domestic use of solid and liquid fuels. Adverse impact of elevated levels of particulate matter in air on human health is evident in many earlier studies (Russel et al, 2009;Sawyer et al, 2010) which show a strong relationship of respiratory and cardiovascular morbidity as well as mortality with finer particles such as PM 10 (Jonathan et al, 2008;Samoli et al, 2008) and PM 2.5 (Chen et al, 2005;Cavallari et al, 2008). Mohan et al (2011) applied AERMOD for the exposure assessment for the year 2004 based on air quality predictions of total suspended particulate matter and found a significant decrease in mortality with reduction scenarios in particulate matter emissions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Performance Evaluation of AERMOD and ADMS-Urban for Total Suspended Particulate Matter Concentrations in Megacity Delhi

Mohan

Bhati

Sreenivas

et al. 2011

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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Regulatory models are useful tools for air quality management. However, application of models without proper evaluation may lead to erroneous conclusions and thus systematic model evaluation studies are essential prior to model application. Often, models are evaluated for a specific source and climatic condition and then find application to another source and climatic condition without this realization. In this context, two well known regulatory models namely; AERMOD (07026) and ADMS-Urban (2.2) are applied throughout the world in various countries without rigorous evaluation procedures. An attempt is made here to undertake performance evaluation of these models for a tropical city such as Delhi in India which is a well known megacity of the world. The models have been applied to estimate ambient particulate matter concentrations for the years 2000 and 2004 over seven sites in Delhi and model evaluation and inter-comparison is performed. Concentrations have been estimated for winter season in both years as the low temperature and low speed wind conditions in this season make it most significant from air pollution point of view. It has been found that though both the models have a tendency towards under-prediction, estimated values by both models agree with the observed concentrations within factor of two. However ADMS-Urban results show better trend correlation with observed values while bias between observed and estimated values is lower for AERMOD Results. The models include all the urban sources (ie. elevated point sources, vehicular traffic, domestic and other sources) in the city. The model validation is discussed in the light of emission inventory, requisite meteorological inputs and statistical performance measures. Performance evaluation of the above models is examined based on boundary layer parameterisations used in these models. Intercomparison of the model performances is envisaged to be useful for application to air quality management and further development of these models.

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“…In 2008, Samoli et al [37] re-analyzed the data of the APHEA 2, NMMAPS, and several Canadian studies in order to assess the coherence of findings using the same methods for all three sets of data. They were able to show an increase in daily all-cause mortality for Canadian, European, and US cities.…”

Section: Short-term Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clearing the Air: A Review of the Effects of Particulate Matter Air Pollution on Human Health

2011

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The World Health Organization estimates that particulate matter (PM) air pollution contributes to approximately 800,000 premature deaths each year, ranking it the 13th leading cause of mortality worldwide. However, many studies show that the relationship is deeper and far more complicated than originally thought. PM is a portion of air pollution that is made up of extremely small particles and liquid droplets containing acids, organic chemicals, metals, and soil or dust particles. PM is categorized by size and continues to be the fraction of air pollution that is most reliably associated with human disease. PM is thought to contribute to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease by the mechanisms of systemic inflammation, direct and indirect coagulation activation, and direct translocation into systemic circulation. The data demonstrating PM's effect on the cardiovascular system are strong. Populations subjected to long-term exposure to PM have a significantly higher cardiovascular incident and mortality rate. Short-term acute exposures subtly increase the rate of cardiovascular events within days of a pollution spike. The data are not as strong for PM's effects on cerebrovascular disease, though some data and similar mechanisms suggest a lesser result with smaller amplitude. Respiratory diseases are also exacerbated by exposure to PM. PM causes respiratory morbidity and mortality by creating oxidative stress and inflammation that leads to pulmonary anatomic and physiologic remodeling. The literature shows PM causes worsening respiratory symptoms, more frequent medication use, decreased lung function, recurrent health care utilization, and increased mortality. PM exposure has been shown to have a small but significant adverse effect on cardiovascular, respiratory, and to a lesser extent, cerebrovascular disease. These consistent results are shown by multiple studies with varying populations, protocols, and regions. The data demonstrate a dose-dependent relationship between PM and human disease, and that removal from a PM-rich environment decreases the prevalence of these diseases. While further study is needed to elucidate the effects of composition, chemistry, and the PM effect on susceptible populations, the preponderance of data shows that PM exposure causes a small but significant increase in human morbidity and mortality. Most sources agree on certain "common sense" recommendations, although there are lonely limited data to support them. Indoor PM exposure can be reduced by the usage of air conditioning and particulate filters, decreasing indoor combustion for heating and cooking, and smoking cessation. Susceptible populations, such as the elderly or asthmatics, may benefit from limiting their outdoor activity during peak traffic periods or poor air quality days. These simple changes may benefit individual patients in both short-term symptomatic control and long-term cardiovascular and respiratory complications.

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Acute Effects of Ambient Particulate Matter on Mortality in Europe and North America: Results from the APHENA Study

Cited by 372 publications

References 33 publications

Model calculated global, regional and megacity premature mortality due to air pollution

Model calculated global, regional and megacity premature mortality due to air pollution

Performance Evaluation of AERMOD and ADMS-Urban for Total Suspended Particulate Matter Concentrations in Megacity Delhi

Clearing the Air: A Review of the Effects of Particulate Matter Air Pollution on Human Health

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