Acute Effects of Open Kinetic Chain Exercise Versus Those of Closed Kinetic Chain Exercise on Quadriceps Muscle Thickness in Healthy Adults

Abstract

This study aimed to compare immediate changes in the thickness of the rectus femoris (RF), vastus intermedius (VI), vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis (VM), and vastus medialis oblique (VMO) muscles after open kinetic chain exercise (OKCE) and closed kinetic chain exercise (CKCE) and identify the effect of both exercise types on each quadricep muscle for early rehabilitation to prevent knee joint injury. Twenty-six healthy participants (13 males and 13 females) were randomly divided into the OKCE (n = 13) and CKCE (n = 13) groups. The thickness of their quadriceps muscles was measured using a portable ultrasonic imaging device before and after exercise in the sequence RF, VI, VL, VM, and VMO. A two-way repeated measures analysis of variance was used to compare the thickness of each component of the quadriceps muscles between the two groups. The thickness of the RF, VL, VM, and VMO muscles increased after OKCE, and the thickness of the VI muscle showed the greatest increase with a medium–large effect size (F = 8.52, p = 0.01, and d = 0.53). The thickness of the VI, VL, VM, and VMO muscles increased after CKCE, and the VMO muscle had the largest effect size (F = 11.71, p = 0.00, and d = 1.02). These results indicate that the thickness of the quadriceps muscles can be selectively improved depending on the type of exercise.

Superficial thermal response to CrossFit® workout

“…The air squad exercise is composed of all of the 3 WOD sets. This exercise promotes great and intense stimulus to rectus femoris, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius 29,30 . In addition, the wall sit, an isometric exercise, also requires this musculature, serving to warm-up and to promote pre-exhaustion exercise, increasing the proportional effort.…”

Reliability and Validity of an Ultrasound-Based Protocol for Measurement of Quadriceps Muscle Thickness in Children

“…Muscles measured were m. rectus femoris ( RF ), m. vastus lateralis ( VL ), m. vastus intermedius ( VI ), and m. vastus medialis ( VM ), exact measurement sites are shown in Table 1 . The point of measurement for RF ( Giles et al, 2015 ; Stock et al, 2017 ; Pardo et al, 2018 ; Cheon et al, 2020 ; Takahashi et al, 2021 ), VI ( Giles et al, 2015 ; Cheon et al, 2020 ), VL ( Giles et al, 2015 ) and VM ( Giles et al, 2015 ) were derived from previous literature and experience from pretesting. At each of the measuring sites three pictures were taken and evaluated.…”

“…An accurate determination of skeletal muscle mass is of great importance when investigating muscle adaptation during hypertrophy ( Aagaard et al, 2001 ; Morse et al, 2005 ; D'Antona et al, 2006 ; Franchi et al, 2018 ) and atrophy ( Abe et al, 1997 ; LeBlanc et al, 2000 ; Alkner and Tesch, 2004 ; Maurits et al, 2004 ; Rittweger et al, 2005 ; Petterson et al, 2008 ; Dirks et al, 2016 ; Johnson et al, 2018 ). Several methods for assessing or estimating skeletal muscle size have been described including bioimpedance ( Salinari et al, 2002 ), computerized tomography ( Van Roie et al, 2013 ), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) ( Walton et al, 1997 ; Alkner and Tesch, 2004 ; Nordez et al, 2009 ) and ultrasound (US) ( Miyatani et al, 2002 ; Miyatani et al, 2004 ; Reeves et al, 2004 ; Sanada et al, 2006 ; Moreau et al, 2010 ; Baldwin et al, 2011 ; Scott et al, 2012 ; Strasser et al, 2013 ; Tillquist et al, 2014 ; Fukumoto et al, 2015 ; Giles et al, 2015 ; Nakatani et al, 2016 ; Hadda et al, 2017 ; Matta et al, 2017 ; Stock et al, 2017 ; Franchi et al, 2018 ; Pardo et al, 2018 ; Filippo et al, 2019 ; Mechelli et al, 2019 ; Cheon et al, 2020 ; Betz et al, 2021 ; Lee et al, 2021 ; Mpampoulis et al, 2021 ; Takahashi et al, 2021 ). Muscle volume (MV) estimated from multiple cross-sectional areas (CSA) using MRI is considered the current gold standard, however, this process is time consuming and labor-intensive ( Nordez et al, 2009 ), therefore the feasibility of MRI is limited, especially for repeated measurements in large cohorts.…”

“…However, the literature is mainly focused on measuring the Muscle thickness (MT) of m. rectus femoris (RF) and to some extent, the thickness of m. vastus intermedius (VI) underneath ( Moreau et al, 2010 ; Galindo Martín et al, 2017 ; Hadda et al, 2017 ; Pardo et al, 2018 ; Takahashi et al, 2021 ). Some have investigated the other muscles of the m. quadriceps femoris (QF) ( Moreau et al, 2010 ; Franchi et al, 2018 ; Cheon et al, 2020 ; Betz et al, 2021 ; Mpampoulis et al, 2021 ), and others have utilized a multisite approach, measuring all the individual muscles of the QF ( Cadore et al, 2012 ; Strasser et al, 2013 ; Matta et al, 2017 ; Santos and Armada-da-Silva, 2017 ; Lee et al, 2021 ). These studies utilized varying methodologies, and none have provided conclusive evidence of both validity, compared to MRI, and intra and inter-rater reliability.…”

Effects and Adaptation of Visual-Motor Illusion Using Different Visual Stimuli on Improving Ankle Joint Paralysis of Stroke Survivors—A Randomized Crossover Controlled Trial

“…Time effects (pre- vs. post-intervention) and comparisons between conditions at each evaluation period (P-VMI vs. S-VMI) were analyzed using the paired t -test. G* power 3.1.9.2 (Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, Germany)was used to calculate effect sizes before and after VMI from the mean, standard deviation, and correlation coefficient between the two groups [ 42 ]. Cohen’s d was calculated, and d < 0.4, d = 0.4–0.8, and d > 0.8 were defined as small, medium, and large effect sizes, respectively [ 43 ].…”