Acute emotional response to common whiplash predicts subsequent pain complaints: A prospective study of 107 subjects sustaining whiplash injury

Drottning, Monica; Staff, Peer H.; Levin, Leif; Malt, Ulrik F.

doi:10.3109/08039489509011919

Cited by 83 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…This finding is consistent with previous studies showing elevated levels of psychological distress in subjects with acute and chronic WAD [13,41,45,54]. It has been suggested that the presence of psychological distress is the result of persistent symptoms [13,41,45,54]. Therefore, higher amounts of fat within the cervical muscles may provide a more objective measure to help characterize this narrow group of chronic patients.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…The WAD subjects were also characterized by the presence of posttraumatic stress symptoms (IES) and this persisted in both regression models. The total IES score for the group was 23.3 indicating an ongoing mild post-traumatic stress reaction [23], which is consistent with the findings from other investigations into patients with acute [13] and chronic WAD [52]. Furthermore, it also should be considered that such psychological distress in patients with chronic whiplash symptoms may result in the patient not moving their neck because of fear of movement.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…Psychological disturbances have also been reported in some patients with WAD and it has been suggested that the presence of psychological distress results from ongoing pain and disability [13,41,45,54]. There is no theoretical rationale to suggest that psychological disturbances would result in fatty infiltration, but it is reasonable to expect that fatty infiltration in the cervical extensor musculature could represent a greater injury and therefore higher self-reported pain and concomitant psychological distress.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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The clinical presentation of chronic whiplash and the relationship to findings of MRI fatty infiltrates in the cervical extensor musculature: a preliminary investigation

et al. 2009

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The objective was to determine whether any measurable changes in sensory responses, kinesthetic sense, cervical motion, and psychological features were related to established fatty infiltration values in the cervical extensor musculature in subjects with persistent whiplash. It is unknown if fatty infiltrate is related to any signs or symptoms. Data on motor function, Quantitative Sensory Testing, psychological and general well-being, and pain and disability were collected from 79 female subjects with chronic whiplash. Total fat values were created for all subjects by averaging the muscle fat indices by muscle, level, and side from our MRI dataset of all the cervical extensor muscles. Results of this study indicate the presence of altered physical, kinesthetic, sensory, and psychological features in this cohort of patients with chronic whiplash. Combined factors of sensory, physical, kinesthetic, and psychological features all contributed to a small extent in explaining the varying levels of fatty infiltrate, with cold pain thresholds having the most influence (r 2 = 0.28; P = 0.02). Identifying and relating quantifiable muscular alterations to clinical measures in the chronic state, underpin some clinical hypotheses for possible pathophysiological processes in this group with a chronic and recalcitrant whiplash disorder. Future research investigations aimed at accurate identification, sub-classification, prediction, and management of patients with acute and chronic whiplash is warranted and underway.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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The clinical presentation of chronic whiplash and the relationship to findings of MRI fatty infiltrates in the cervical extensor musculature: a preliminary investigation

et al. 2009

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“…Dizziness as a symptom caused by whiplash associated disorder (WAD), where the symptoms occurred in relation to trauma [21]. .…”

Section: Diagnostic Criteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Balance performance and self-perceived handicap among dizzy patients in primary health care

Hansson

Månsson

Håkansson

2005

Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care

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“…There is quite a strong relation between the duration and the intensity of post-traumatic pain, on one hand, and stress, anxiety, and depression, on the other [35,36]. This does not mean that there is a causal relationship between mental factors and the disposition to develop post traumatic pain.…”

Section: Variation Of Symptoms With Timementioning

confidence: 95%

WAD – Criteria for Evaluation of Causality

Bunketorp¹

2017

Open J Trauma

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Acute emotional response to common whiplash predicts subsequent pain complaints: A prospective study of 107 subjects sustaining whiplash injury

Cited by 83 publications

References 21 publications

The clinical presentation of chronic whiplash and the relationship to findings of MRI fatty infiltrates in the cervical extensor musculature: a preliminary investigation

The clinical presentation of chronic whiplash and the relationship to findings of MRI fatty infiltrates in the cervical extensor musculature: a preliminary investigation

Balance performance and self-perceived handicap among dizzy patients in primary health care

WAD – Criteria for Evaluation of Causality

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