Materials and methods
Search strategyElectronic literature searches were conducted in Mai 2020 to identify case reports of nephrotoxicity associated with herbal medicines use in the last two decade. The scientific resources including PubMed, Scopus, and Science direct were searched using key words such as: 'case report', 'Renal side effect', 'adverse effects', 'Nephrotoxicity', 'Risk', 'Herbal Medicine', 'kidney disease'. The spectrum of herbal induced kidney injuries included kidney stones, nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, necrosis, acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, and death. English articles were the primary focus, but some reports in other languages were considered.
Inclusion and exclusion criteriaEligible studies had to fulfil the following criteria: Included studies were case reports of nephrotoxicity associated to herbs use worldwide between 2000 and 2020.Exclusion criteria: Case reports were excluded if they involved mushrooms, poisonous plants, self-harm, excessive doses (except vitamins/minerals), drug-herbal interactions and commercial dietary supplement.