Acute Myocardial Infarction in a Young Bodybuilder: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Junior, Abrão José Melhem; Araujo, Amélia; F, Figueiredo; Figueiredo, David Livingstone Alves

doi:10.12659/ajcr.924796

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The type of drugs used during the precompetition phase included drostanolone propionate, stanozolol, and clenbuterol due to their fat loss effects, and testosterone usage stopped during this phase. Although these performance enhancing drugs taken in supraphysiological dosages are effective for achieving their purpose, there have been numerous associated adverse events reported among bodybuilder users (14,17,20). Supplement usage was also high among the respondents with a median of 5 different supplements used.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Irrespective of the approach to lose fat mass any changes in training and diet should be gradual, and regular monitoring of body composition is suggested so that modifications can be made to suit individual needs. Finally, dietary supplements and pharmacological agents should be used cautiously, especially for the latter due to the increased risk of adverse health effects (14,17,20). It is advised that bodybuilders consult a medical practitioner before using dietary supplements and pharmacological agents.…”

Section: Practical Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Numerous studies to date have examined dietary practices and nutritional strategies of bodybuilders (3,4,18,39). In addition, there have been numerous case studies published on preparation for bodybuilding contests (7,12,28) and adverse events associated with bodybuilding practices (17,20,26). However, less research has focused on the training practices of competitive bodybuilders, especially in large cohorts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Training, Supplementation, and Pharmacological Practices of Competitive Male Bodybuilders Across Training Phases

Hackett

2021

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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Hackett, DA. Training, supplementation, and pharmacological practices of competitive male bodybuilders across training phases. J Strength Cond Res 36(4): 963–970, 2022—Bodybuilding involves the pursuit of muscularity and leanness primarily through the use of progressive resistance training in combination with other practices such as manipulation of diet and use of ergogenic aids. This study aimed to compare the training practices and ergogenic aids used by competitive male bodybuilders across training phases. An online survey was completed by 235 competitive male bodybuilders with a median age of 26.0 (interquartile range 23.0–31.3) years. Results showed that most respondents performed split-routines (85.5%), 4–7 sessions per week (95.7%), trained major muscle groups twice a week (>50%), and session duration being 60–90 minutes (55.7%). Off-season resistance training sessions mostly comprised of targeting 2–3 muscle groups (56%), 2–3 exercises per muscle group (60.4%), 3–4 sets per exercise (73.2%), 7–12 repetition maximum (RM) per set (71.6%), and 61–180 seconds recovery between sets and exercises (80.5%). At the precompetition phase (6 weeks before competition), there was a decrease in the number of muscle groups trained per session (p = 0.027) and a greater number of repetitions performed per set (p < 0.001). A significant increase in the reported aerobic exercise volume was found during precompetition (<0.001). Performance enhancing drugs were used by 53.6% of respondents who did not compete in natural bodybuilding competitions. Dietary supplements were used by 95.7% of respondents with the most common being creatine monohydrate (80.4%) and whey protein (65.8%). Findings suggest that competitive bodybuilders follow resistance training practices consistent with the broad muscular hypertrophy recommendations but a notable shift in practices occur in the weeks before competition.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Practical Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Training, Supplementation, and Pharmacological Practices of Competitive Male Bodybuilders Across Training Phases

Hackett

2021

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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“…With advances in genetic testing for hypercoagulability becoming more accessible and accurate, regular screening for these thromboembolic disorders as a form of primary prevention before any events occur may be a reasonable approach [9]. It can be especially dangerous in athletes taking anabolic steroids because they have a prothrombotic effect as well [45,46]. Additionally, the level of factor VIII increases with age [9].…”

Section: Hypercoagulabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Myocardial Infarction in Young Athletes

Dotka,

Małek

2023

Diagnostics

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Myocardial infarction (MI) in young athletes is very rare but can have serious consequences, including sudden cardiac death (SCD), an increased proarrhythmic burden in future life, and/or heart failure. We present two cases of young athletes with MI. They did not have previous symptoms, traditional risk factors, or a family history of MI. One case involves a 37-year-old male amateur athlete who experienced two MI following intense physical exertion, likely due to the erosion of an insignificant atherosclerotic plaque caused by a sudden increase in blood pressure during exercise. The second case describes a 36-year-old male semi-professional runner who collapsed at the finish line of a half-marathon and was diagnosed with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The heart’s oxygen demand–supply mismatch during intensive exercise led to MI. Following the case presentation, we discuss the most common causes of MI in young athletes and their mechanisms, including spontaneous coronary artery dissection, chest trauma, abnormalities of the coronary arteries, coronary artery spasm, plaque erosion, hypercoagulability, left ventricular hypertrophy, and anabolic steroids use.

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“…So they rephrased the question harder: "If you were given a substance to improve your performance, didn't get caught, win every competition for the next 5 years and then die, would you take it?" More than 50% said "Yes" (Baron et al, 2007) Doping is a global problem and the fight to slow its spread through educational programs, testing, and supportive medical treatments has had few results (Baron et al, 2007) The use of anabolic steroids is widespread among amateur athletes, especially bodybuilders, and the frequent use of these substances, often in high doses, involves health risks for athletes due to side effects (Melhem et al, 2020) Supraphysiological administration of anabolic androgenic steroids can cause irreversible organ damage, hypertension and atherosclerosis, jaundice, liver cancer and carcinomas, tendon injuries, psychiatric diseases, and behavioral disorders (El-Reshaid et al, 2018;Hackett et al, 2013;). In order to reduce these risks, athletes should be encouraged to have regular medical check-ups (Sonmez et al, 2016;Hackett et al, 2013) The actual quantification of the use of prohibited substances by athletes is very complex (Sánchez-Oliver et al, 2019).…”

Section: Use Of Pharmacological Substancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health aspects of active bodybuilders: monitoring by multidisciplinary team

Coraucci-Neto

Bertani

Campos

et al. 2021

Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Esporte

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Preparation in bodybuilding involves high-intensity workouts and drastic feeding strategies. Little is known about health risks. Athletes (n=510, 59.8% male) were evaluated about health aspects, anthropometry, and blood pressure (BP). Chronic diseases were reported by 6,6%, but 88.9% of them did not treat; 1.9% reported hypertension, with 15.7% having high BP; and 52.5% reported the use of prohibited drugs in the last 6 months. Body mass index was 26.2±2.5 for man and 22.3±2.2 Kg/m2 for woman. Men had lower monitoring than women by physical education professionals, nutritionists, and physicians (p<0.01). Athletes are exposed to health risks factors such as lack of knowledge about diseases, high use of prohibited substances and less monitoring by professionals among men.

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Acute Myocardial Infarction in a Young Bodybuilder: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Cited by 6 publications

References 31 publications

Training, Supplementation, and Pharmacological Practices of Competitive Male Bodybuilders Across Training Phases

Training, Supplementation, and Pharmacological Practices of Competitive Male Bodybuilders Across Training Phases

Myocardial Infarction in Young Athletes

Health aspects of active bodybuilders: monitoring by multidisciplinary team

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