Acute phencyclidine intoxication: Clinical patterns, complications, and treatment

McCarron, Margaret M.; B, Schulze; Thompson, Gregory A.; Conder, Meta C.; Goetz, Walter A.

doi:10.1016/s0196-0644(81)80118-7

Cited by 130 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…8,9 Hypertension and nystagmus, which were observed in our patient, are hallmarks of PCP intoxication, and both have been reported to occur in about 57% of the cases and to resolve within 4 h of PCP consumption. 9 Also miosis is common in PCP intoxication 12 and was observed in our patient. A major contribution by buprenorphine seems unlikely as the patient had no respiratory depression and showed a rapid resolution of the central nervous system depression.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

“…6,3 Actually, signs and symptoms observed in our patient such as hypertension, tachycardia, confusion, sedation, shifts in perception of reality, agitation, nystagmus, opisthotonus, amnesia, and urinary retention are compatible with the effects induced by MXE, ketamine, and PCP. 7,8,9 Moreover, speech disorders such as pressured speech, verbigerations, and echolalia have been regularly reported by users of PCP and ketamine. 8,9 Hypertension and nystagmus, which were observed in our patient, are hallmarks of PCP intoxication, and both have been reported to occur in about 57% of the cases and to resolve within 4 h of PCP consumption.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…7,8,9 Moreover, speech disorders such as pressured speech, verbigerations, and echolalia have been regularly reported by users of PCP and ketamine. 8,9 Hypertension and nystagmus, which were observed in our patient, are hallmarks of PCP intoxication, and both have been reported to occur in about 57% of the cases and to resolve within 4 h of PCP consumption. 9 Also miosis is common in PCP intoxication 12 and was observed in our patient.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Seizures have been reported after use of PCP 9 and also rarely by MXP users. 1,3 Furthermore, the analgesic drug lefetamine, which is structurally related to methoxphenidine and which was abused in Japan and Europe and has been withdrawn from the market, has been reported to cause seizures in rats.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Acute toxicity associated with the recreational use of the novel dissociative psychoactive substance methoxphenidine

Hofer

Degrandi

Müller

et al. 2014

Clinical Toxicology

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INTRODUCTION:Methoxphenidine is a novel dissociative designer drug of the diarylethylamine class which shares structural features with phencyclidine (PCP), and is not at present subject to restrictive regulations. There is very limited information about the acute toxicity profile of methoxphenidine and the only sources are anonymous internet sites and a 1989 patent of the Searle Company. We report a case of analytically confirmed oral methoxphenidine toxicity. CASE DETAILS: A 53-year-old man was found on the street in a somnolent and confusional state. Observed signs and symptoms such as tachycardia (112 bpm), hypertension (220/125 mmHg), echolalia, confusion, agitation, opisthotonus, nystagmus and amnesia were consistent with phencyclidine-induced adverse effects. Temperature (99.1°F (37.3°C)) and peripheral oxygen saturation while breathing room air (99%) were normal. Laboratory analysis revealed an increase of creatine kinase (max 865 U/L), alanine aminotransferase (72 U/L) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (123 U/L). Methoxphenidine was identified by a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry toxicological screening method using turbulent flow online extraction in plasma and urine samples collected on admission. The clinical course was favourable and signs and symptoms resolved with symptomatic treatment. CONCLUSION: Based on this case report and users' web reports, and compatible with the chemical structure, methoxphenidine produces effects similar to those of the arylcyclohexylamines, as PCP. Running headAcute toxicity associated with the recreational use of methoxphenidine.The paper is written in UK English. Word count (excluding references, figures, and abstract): 1536References: 15 diarylethylamine, drug of abuse, NMDA receptor, designer drug, phencyclidine, ketamine, psychedelic, 2-MeO-diphenidine Declarations of interestNone of the authors has conflicts of interest concerning commercial or financial involvements. No author is affiliated with an organization whose financial interests may be affected by material in the manuscript.2 AbstractIntroduction: Methoxphenidine is a novel dissociative designer drug of the

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Acute toxicity associated with the recreational use of the novel dissociative psychoactive substance methoxphenidine

Hofer

Degrandi

Müller

et al. 2014

Clinical Toxicology

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show abstract

“…In humans, acute exposure to PCP or ketamine has been reported to produce both symptoms (e.g., hallucinations and sensory distortions) and cognitive deficits on formal neuropsychological testing, similar to those observed in patients with schizophrenia (cf. Pearlson 1981;Javitt 1987); occasionally, symptoms of PCP "psychosis" can become a lasting condition (Rainey and Crowder 1975;Burns and Lerner 1976;Allen and Young 1978;McCarron et al 1981;Javitt and Zukin 1991). Acute administration of another NMDA antagonist (ketamine) can produce both "positive" and "negative" schizophrenia-like symptoms in control subjects (Krystal et al 1994;Malhotra et al 1996;Breier et al 1997;Malhotra et al 1997), and can increase glucose metabolism in prefrontal cortex ; similar regional metabolic abnormalities are associated with both schizophrenia symptoms and neuropsychological performance deficits (cf.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%