Acute Toxicity and Ecological Risk Assessment of Benzophenone-3 (BP-3) and Benzophenone-4 (BP-4) in Ultraviolet (UV)-Filters

Du, Yang; Wang, Wen Qian; Pei, Zhou; Ahmad, Fahmi; Xu, Rou Rou; Zhang, Yi Min; Sun, Li

doi:10.3390/ijerph14111414

Cited by 81 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Furthermore, because the Ames assay can detect mutagenicity of multiple mixed pollutants quickly and accurately [ 19 , 20 , 21 ], the effects of mixed BP and BP-1 were also investigated. In our previous acute toxicity studies [ 3 , 4 , 11 ], it has been confirmed that the different combinations of different BP substances exhibited different effects, as additive effects or antagonistic effects. The mutagenic effects of their mixtures further explored the mechanisms of BP chemicals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…In addition, it is a spice fixative that imparts a sweet aroma and is used in many perfumes and soaps [ 3 ]. In the production and daily consumption processes, the residues of UV filters are thought to be largely discharged into wastewaters by the production process and daily use [ 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the past, benzophenones (BPs) have been considered harmless. However, toxicological studies [ 3 , 4 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ] have shown that BPs have certain acute toxicities, genotoxicities, reproductive and endocrine disruptive effects, as well as significant estrogenic activity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation by the Ames Assay of the Mutagenicity of UV Filters Using Benzophenone and Benzophenone-1

Wang

Duan

Pei

et al. 2018

IJERPH

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Ultraviolet absorbing chemicals (UV filters) are widely used in personal care products for protecting human skin and hair from damage by UV radiation. Although these substances are released into the environment during production and consumption processes, little is known about their genotoxicity effects. Our previous studies have shown that benzophenone-type UV filters exhibited acute toxicity on three species of aquatic organisms. Mutagenesis by benzophenone (BP) and benzophenone-1(BP-1) was tested in the present study by the Salmonella typhimurium/reverse mutation assay (Ames assay). All the positive reverse mutations occurred in the absence of the S9 liver extract system for both chemicals. From BP, positive mutation effects on the TA102 strain at doses of 0.05 μg/plate and 0.5 μg/plate were detected. From BP-1, positive mutation effects on the TA97 strain at doses of 0.05 μg/plate and 0.5 μg/plate, and on the TA100 strain at a dose of 0.5 μg/plate, were detected. A mixture of BP and BP-1 exhibited mutagenicity on the TA97 and TA100 strains. For the TA97 strain, the positive mutation results were detected at 10% and 50% of the mixture. For the TA100 strain, the results were detected when the mixture was at 5% and 10%. In the mixture at 5%, the concentrations of BP and BP-1 were 3.5 μg/plate and 14 μg/plate, respectively. In the 10% mixture, the doses of BP and BP-1 were 7 μg/plate and 28 μg/plate, respectively. In the 50% mixture, the doses of BP and BP-1 were 35 μg/plate and 140 μg/plate, respectively. The mixture test results suggested that there was antagonism in mutagenicity between BP and BP-1.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation by the Ames Assay of the Mutagenicity of UV Filters Using Benzophenone and Benzophenone-1

Wang

Duan

Pei

et al. 2018

IJERPH

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“…Most organic UV fi lters based on p-aminobenzoic acid, benzophenone, cinnamate and salicylate have been assessed for multiple hormonal activities as well as for their eff ects on reproduction and fertility [75]. However, in the aquatic environment, predicted no-eff ect concentrations of benzophenone-3 and benzophenone-4 were found to be lower than those previously detected [76], indicating that the ecological risk of these substances remains low. Nevertheless, in ecological risk assessments, the potential biomagnifi cation of organic UV absorbers should not be ignored.…”

Section: Organic Aromatic Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advances in the ultraviolet protection finishing of textiles

Mavrić¹,

Tomšič²,

Simončić³

2018

TEK

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Ultraviolet (UV) protection fi nishes, which are sometimes referred to as UV shielding agents, represent one of the most important groups of chemical fi nishing agents applied to textile materials, with the goal of protecting people and textile materials from the harmful eff ects of UV radiation. Th e energy of UV radiation, which is signifi cantly higher than that of visible light, has the potential to initiate diff erent chemical reactions that may be hazardous to human health and can deteriorate textile fi bres. Although moderate sun exposure has benefi cial health eff ects, overexposure to UV radiation may result in serious harmful health eff ects since both UVA (320-400 nm) and UVB (280-320 nm) rays induce diff erent cellular responses that manifest as pigmentation, sunburn, skin ageing, skin cancer and DNA damage [1-3]. Th e disadvantages of longterm exposure of textiles to UV weathering are associated with the cleavage of diff erent chemical bonds by the absorbed UV radiation, which leads to

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“…Most of the organic UV filters are lipophilic compounds and tend to accumulate in soils and sediments of the aqueous environment, as well as in the food chain (e.g., fish, birds, mammals) [5]. The accumulation of UV filters in organisms has become a major concern, because many UV filters and their metabolites show the apparent endocrine disruption and the hormonal effects, both in vitro and in vivo [6,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insight into the Degradation of Two Benzophenone-Type UV Filters by the UV/H2O2 Advanced Oxidation Process

Zhou

et al. 2018

Water

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Environmental problems caused by UV filters, a group of emerging contaminants, have attracted much attention. The removal of two typical UV filters benzophenone (BP) and 4,4 -dihydroxy-benzophenone (HBP) in water was investigated by the UV/H 2 O 2 process. The response surface methodology (RSM) and central composite design (CCD) were applied to investigate the effects of the process parameters on the degradation rate constants, including the initial contaminant concentration, H 2 O 2 dose, and UV light intensity. BP is more easily degraded by the UV/H 2 O 2 process. Both processes followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. The results obtained with the built RSM model are in accordance with the experimental results (adjusted coefficients R 2 (adj)= 0.9835 and 0.9778 for BP and HBP, respectively). For both processes, the initial contaminant concentration (exerting a negative effect) were the most important factors controlling the degradation, followed by H 2 O 2 dose and UV intensity (exerting positive effects). A total of 15 BP degradation products and 13 HBP degradation products during the UV/H 2 O 2 process were identified by LC/MS and GC/MS. A series of OH radical irritated reactions, including hydroxylation, carboxylation, and ring cleavage, led to the final degradation of BP and HBP. Degradation pathways of BP and HBP were also proposed. On the whole, this work is a unique contribution to the systematic elucidation of BP and HBP degradation by the UV/H 2 O 2 process.United States, Japan, and Switzerland [5,[8][9][10][11][12]. There are reports that the concentration of BP reached 250 ng/L in wastewater [13]. The potential risks resulting from the occurrence of BP and HBP must not be overlooked.Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are a series of processes that can generate hydroxyl radicals to efficiently degrade organic pollutants in contaminated water [4,14,15]. The UV/H 2 O 2 system is a type of AOP, in which hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) is added in the presence of UV light to generate hydroxyl radicals [16][17][18]. It is found that the UV/H 2 O 2 process can remove a large range of organic pollutants, including cyanobacterial toxins [19], diclofenac [20], amoxicillin [21], and other emerging contaminants [22][23][24].Benzophenone-type UV filters are usually the hardly biodegradable substances [25]. There are over 20 benzophenone-type UV filters, including HBP, BP, benzophenone-2, benzophenone-3 (BP3), benzophenone-4, benzophenone-5, and benzophenone-9. Among them, BP3 is the dominant UV filter and the most-frequently detected in the aquatic environment [26,27]. Many reported works have focused on the occurrence, transformation, and fate of BP3 [28][29][30]. The removal, degradation mechanism, and ecotoxicity of BP3 by different treatment processes were assessed, such as UV/H 2 O 2 [31], ozone [32], fungal [33], chlorination [34,35], and activated persulfate [36,37]. In addition, the removal of other benzophenone-type UV filters, including BP2, BP4, and BP9, were also evaluated by different AOPs [38][39][40][4...

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Acute Toxicity and Ecological Risk Assessment of Benzophenone-3 (BP-3) and Benzophenone-4 (BP-4) in Ultraviolet (UV)-Filters

Cited by 81 publications

References 21 publications

Evaluation by the Ames Assay of the Mutagenicity of UV Filters Using Benzophenone and Benzophenone-1

Evaluation by the Ames Assay of the Mutagenicity of UV Filters Using Benzophenone and Benzophenone-1

Recent advances in the ultraviolet protection finishing of textiles

Insight into the Degradation of Two Benzophenone-Type UV Filters by the UV/H2O2 Advanced Oxidation Process

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