Acute toxicity and impact of sublethal exposure to commonly used surfactants sodium dodecyl sulphate, cetylpyridinium chloride and sodium laureth sulphate on oxidative stress enzymes in oligochaete worm Branchiura sowerbyi (Beddard, 1892)

Abstract

The current study aimed to determine the detrimental effects of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), and sodium laureth sulphate (SLES) on survival rate and oxidative stress enzymes in Branchiura sowerbyi (Beddard, 1892). The 96 h LC50 values of SDS, CPC and SLES to Branchiura sowerbyi were estimated to be 8.27, 0.12 and 19.58 mg/L, respectively. Moreover, surfactant toxicity was projected using general threshold survival models (GUTS) in terms of required data sets and fit performance. The result suggested that GUTS‐IT (individual tolerance) model can better predict the survival rate observed in Branchiura sowerbyi for surfactant exposure than the GUTS‐SD (stochastic death) model. Sublethal levels of SDS, CPC and SLES (10% and 30% of the 96 h LC50 value) elicited substantial changes in oxidative stress enzymes over the 14‐day exposure period. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione S‐transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) demonstrated a significant increasing trend initially followed by a subsequent declining trend, but the levels of catalase (CAT), as well as malondialdehyde (MDA), increased significantly throughout the periods of exposure. The consequences of SDS, CPC and SLES on Branchiura sowerbyi were evaluated using a correlation matrix, principal component analysis, and integrated biomarker response assessment. These findings suggest that SDS, CPC and SLES exposure detrimentally affect survival rate and alter the levels of oxidative stress enzymes in Branchiura sowerbyi.

Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-8 Nanoparticles Exhibit More Severe Toxicity to the Embryo/Larvae of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) When Co-Exposed with Cetylpyridinium Chloride

“…Our results suggest that CPC and ZIF-NPs may also play a synergistic role in inducing oxidative stress in zebrafish larvae, as indicated by the notable increases in the ROS and MDA levels in the combined exposure groups and the significantly interactive effect predicated by the GzLM analysis. Numerous studies have demonstrated that oxidative stress is a common response in aquatic species to environmental pollutants, including NPs [20][21][22] and CPC [13][14][15][16]. Generally, organisms have evolved many enzymes (e.g., SOD, CAT, Glutathione S-Transferase, Glutathione Peroxidase, and Ascorbate Peroxidase) and antioxidants (e.g., GSH and Alpha-lipoic Acid) to scavenge excess ROS and protect cells from severe oxidative damage [42].…”

“…Using rat thymic lymphocytes, Imai et al [12] found that CPC exerted cytotoxic effects under oxidative stress conditions by increasing intracellular Zn 2+ concentration and decreasing the cellular content of nonprotein thiols. In recent years, Bhattacharya and colleagues found that sublethal CPC exposure could adversely affect the antioxidant enzymes in aquatic worms and common carp [13][14][15]. Our previous study also suggested that CPC at 400 µg/L significantly elevated the reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione (GSH) levels in zebrafish larvae [16].…”