Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-8 Nanoparticles Exhibit More Severe Toxicity to the Embryo/Larvae of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) When Co-Exposed with Cetylpyridinium Chloride

Abstract

The combined application of nanoparticles and surfactants has attracted tremendous attention in basic research and industry. However, knowledge of their combined toxicity remains scarce. In this study, we exposed zebrafish embryos to cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC, a cationic surfactant, at 0 and 20 μg/L), zeolitic imidazolate framework nanoparticles (ZIF-NPs, at 0, 30, and 60 mg/L), and their mixtures until 120 h post-fertilization (hpf). Within the used concentration range, both single and combined exposures exhibited limited effects on the survival and hatching of zebrafish. However, the combined exposure of ZIF-NPs and CPC caused more severe effects on the heart rate at both 48 and 72 hpf. The combined exposure also induced significant hyperactivity (i.e., increasing the average swimming velocity) and oxidative stress in zebrafish larvae (at 120 hpf), although all single exposure treatments exhibited limited impacts. Furthermore, the level of reactive oxygen species (or malondialdehyde) exhibited a significantly positive correlation with the heart rate (or average swimming velocity) of zebrafish, suggesting that oxidative stress plays a role in mediating the combined toxicity of CPC and ZIF-NPs to zebrafish. Our findings suggest that the interaction of CPC and ZIF-NPs should not be ignored when assessing the potential risks of their mixtures.

Antioxidant, Pro-Survival and Pro-Regenerative Effects of Conditioned Medium from Wharton’s Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Developing Zebrafish Embryos

“…Remarkably, a number of reports from other authors linked hyperactivity either to exposure to antioxidants or to upregulation of antioxidant gene expression [22][23][24][25][26][27]. In line with this evidence, the hyperactivity observed in CM-treated larvae strictly associates with a reinforced antioxidant performance at the epigenetic and transcription level, as well as in the overall value of their antioxidant capacity.…”

“…According to the literature, the behavioural effects we observed following CM exposure might be attributed either to the downregulation of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (bdnf ) gene [19][20][21] or to the overexpression of genes involved in redox homeostasis [22][23][24][25][26][27].…”

ZIF-8 Nanoparticles Induce Behavior Abnormality and Brain Oxidative Stress in Adult Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

“…Several recent studies have suggested that the behavioral toxicity of ZIF-8 NPs to zebrafish larvae is strongly affected by their exposure concentration and duration. For example, Hu et al [15] have reported that ZIF-8 NPs (50-200 mg L −1 for 6 days) could significantly decrease the swimming speed of zebrafish larvae in a dose-dependent manner, Shi et al [34] have reported that embryonic exposure to ZIF-8 NPs (9.0 mg L −1 for 5 days) significantly increased the locomotor activity of newly hatched zebrafish larvae, and Qiu et al [33] have reported that embryonic exposure to ZIF-8 NPs (0.3 and 0.6 mg L −1 for 5 days) did not significantly alter the locomotor activity of zebrafish larvae. Furthermore, except for nontoxicity (i.e., nanosize effects), ZIF-8 NPs can also induce toxic effects by releasing Zn ions into exposure mediums [9,17,49].…”

“…The zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 nanoparticles (ZIF-8 NPs) were produced via the mechanochemical reaction [32] between ZnO and 2-methylimidazole (J&K Scientific LLC, San Jose, CA, USA) with a molar ratio of 1:2 and particle sizes of 100-400 nm [33]. Other chemical reagents (analytical grade) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).…”

A micron-sized Co-MOF sheet to activate peroxymonosulfate for efficient organic pollutant degradation

“…4,5 To date, various applications of MOFs have been researched, including but not limited to CO 2 capture, 6,7 catalysis/photocatalysis, 8–10 adsorption, 11 drug delivery, 12–14 electrochemistry, 15–17 fluorescent detection 18,19 and so on. 20–23 Many researchers once focused on MOFs with morphologies of 0D particles and 1D nanorods/nanowires. 24 Recently, increasing efforts have been devoted to 2D MOFs due to their large potential in catalysis, separation and sensing.…”