Acute Toxicity From Home-Brewed Gamma Hydroxybutyrate

Hodges, Barbara; Everett, James

doi:10.3122/15572625-11-2-154

Cited by 10 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Typical recreational doses are reported to be 2.5g (EMCDDA, 2008). Variation in the GHB concentrations in such solutions, as well as pre-prepared ones, can give rise to some of the dangers associated with illicit use (Hodges and Everett, 1998;van Rij et al, 2004;Williams, 1998). GHB 40ml (3 -9 doses) could hold a dose of as little as 3g or a potentially toxic one of 20g (Thomas et al, 1997).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Issues can also arise because of inter-person variability in effects (Kam and Yoong, 1998), the selection of the correct dosage or taking doses too close together (EMCDDA, 2002). Depending upon tolerance levels, recreational doses range from 1-5g daily, 15-70mg/kg for a 70kg adult (Friedman et al, 1996;Hodges and Everett, 1998). Durgahee et al (2014) report mean daily usage of 53ml (median 40, range 5-200) in a group (n = 27) of patients presenting to drug services in Brighton & Hove (UK) with primary GHB/GBL dependence during 2008-13, with 'top ups' at 1 hr (41%) or 2 hr (44%) intervals.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB), gamma butyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD; BDO): A literature review with a focus on UK fatalities related to non-medical use

Corkery

Loi

Claridge

et al. 2015

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

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Misuse of gamma hydroxybutrate (GHB) and gamma butyrolactone (GBL) has increased greatly since the early 1990s, being implicated in a rising number of deaths. This paper reviews knowledge on GHB and derivatives, and explores the largest series of deaths associated with their non-medical use. Descriptive analyses of cases associated with GHB/GBL and 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD) use extracted from the UK's National Programme on Substance Abuse Deaths database. From 1995 to September 2013, 159 GHB/GBL-associated fatalities were reported. Typical victims: White (92%); young (mean age 32 years); male (82%); with a drug misuse history (70%). Most deaths (79%) were accidental or related to drug use, the remainder (potential) suicides. GHB/GBL alone was implicated in 37%; alcohol 14%; other drugs 28%; other drugs and alcohol 15%. Its endogenous nature and rapid elimination limit toxicological detection. Post-mortem blood levels: mean 482 (range 0-6500; SD 758)mg/L. Results suggest significant caution is needed when ingesting GHB/GBL, particularly with alcohol, benzodiazepines, opiates, stimulants, and ketamine. More awareness is needed about risks associated with consumption.

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confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB), gamma butyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD; BDO): A literature review with a focus on UK fatalities related to non-medical use

Corkery

Loi

Claridge

et al. 2015

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

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“…155,222 As a result of the increased rate of GHB abuse since the first CDC report in 1990, the number of acute intoxications due to GHB has increased. 158,160,200,202,[222][223][224][225][226][227][228][229][230][231][232][233][234][235] Some of the more common and better documented conditions that appear in various reports include coma, respiratory depression, seizure-like activity (uncontrollable or unusual movements), bradycardia, drowsiness or dizziness, confusion, amnesia, headache, nausea, vomiting, mild hypothermia, acidosis, and psychiatric complications (e.g., agitation, delirium).…”

Section: Acute Syndromementioning

confidence: 99%

“…233 Psychiatric complications such as delirium, paranoia, depression, and hallucinations have been reported in a small number of patients. 158,234…”

Section: Psychopathologymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive Review of MDMA and GHB: Two Common Club Drugs

Teter

Guthrie

2001

Pharmacotherapy

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"Club drugs" have become alarmingly popular. The use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy) and gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), in particular, has increased dramatically from 1997-1999. The pharmacokinetics of MDMA and GHB appear to be nonlinear, making it difficult to estimate a dose-response relationship. The drug MDMA is an amphetamine analog with sympathomimetic properties, whereas GHB is a gamma-aminobutyric acid analog with sedative properties. Symptoms of an MDMA toxic reaction include tachycardia, sweating, and hyperthermia. Occasional severe sequelae include disseminated intravascular coagulation, rhabdomyolysis, and acute renal failure. Treatment includes lowering the body temperature and maintaining adequate hydration. Symptoms of GHB intoxication include coma, respiratory depression, unusual movements, confusion, amnesia, and vomiting. Treatment includes cardiac and respiratory support. Because of the popularity of these agents and their potentially dangerous effects, health care professionals must be familiar with these substances and the treatment options for patients who present with symptoms of a toxic reaction.

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“…Il a deja ete vendu comme supplement alimentaire pour ses proprietes favorisant la production d'hormones de croissance ainsi que pour I'amelioration du sommeil (6). Ses proprietes relaxantes et euphorisantes en font une drogue d'abus (7-9) d'autant plus qu'il est facile a synthetiser dans des laboratoires de cuisine (10). Au Canada, aux Etats-Unis et en Europe sa commercialisation est generalement interdite mais peut-etre utilise pour la recherche (11).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Une Nouvelle Méthode Simple Pour Dépister et Quantifier L'Acide Gamma-Hydroxybutyrique (GHB) Dans le Sang et L'Urine Par Chromatographie en Phase Gazeuse

Dion¹,

Jubinville²

1998

Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal

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RESUMECet article decrlt une nouvelle methode simple pour deplster et quantifier I'acide gamma-hydroxybutyrique (GHB) dans des echantillons biologiques. Cette substance peut se retrouver entre autres sur la rue en tant que drogue sociale, dans les salies de conditionnement physique ou encore dans certains cas d'agression sexuelle. Pour I'analyser, les speclments sanguins, urinaires ou autres sont chauffes pendant 25 minutes en milieu acide it meme les vials prevus pour former la pression de tate dynamique cc head-space », Le GHB est converti en gamma-butyrolactone (GBL), substance volatile qui. est lnlecte dans le chromatographe en phase gazeuse muni de deux colonnes de polsrtte differente pour obtenir des temps de retention differents. Une programmation de temperature est utlllsee pour separer les differentes substances. Le GBL est detecte et quantlfle it I'aide de detecteurs it ionisation de flamme. Les concentrations sont mesurees suivant une methode d'ajouts doses pour les echantillons sanguins et d'une courbe de calibration externe pour les echantillons urinaires. Le temps d'analyse par echantillon est de 28 minutes. Les Iimites de detection sont de 3 milligrammes par 100 millilitres (3mg%) pour les specimens sanguins et de 1mg% pour les specimens urinaires et les Iiquides destines it la consommation. De tacon generale, les interferences rencontrees sont peu nombreuses, souvent tnterleures it la Iimite de detection et sont rarement presentee sur les deux colonnes de rnanleres slmultanees, ABSTRACT This paper describes a new and easy method to screen and to quantify gammahydroxybutyric acid (GHB) in biological samples. This substance is described as a cc smart drug» and may be used in sexual agression cases or in body building centers. The analysis is performed by heating for a period of 25 minutes the vial containing the sample in acid media. GHB is converted to the volatile gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) and injected in the chromatograph. The gaseous fraction is split into two columns with different polarities, eluted by means of a temperature program and quantified by FID. Concentrations may be calculated by spiking technique for blood samples or external calibration curve for urinary samples. The total time for a routine analysis is 28 minutes. The detection limit for blood is 3 milligrames per 100 millilitres (mg%) and 1mg% for urinary samples and beverages. Usually, there are few or no interferences with this method of analysis.

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Acute Toxicity From Home-Brewed Gamma Hydroxybutyrate

Cited by 10 publications

References 9 publications

Gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB), gamma butyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD; BDO): A literature review with a focus on UK fatalities related to non-medical use

Gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB), gamma butyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD; BDO): A literature review with a focus on UK fatalities related to non-medical use

A Comprehensive Review of MDMA and GHB: Two Common Club Drugs

Une Nouvelle Méthode Simple Pour Dépister et Quantifier L'Acide Gamma-Hydroxybutyrique (GHB) Dans le Sang et L'Urine Par Chromatographie en Phase Gazeuse

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