Acute toxicity of chlorpyrifos and its metabolite 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol alone and in combination using a battery of bioassays

Genetic differentiation in pesticide resistance between urban and rural populations of a nontarget freshwater keystone interactor, Daphnia magna

“…Organophosphate pesticides impact Daphnia survival, embryological development, fertility, endocrine function, life history changes, and stress physiological parameters such as enzymatic defence and energy budget (Ferrario et al, 2018 ; Jeon et al, 2013 ; Palma et al, 2009 ; Pérez et al, 2015 ; Silva et al, 2018 ; Song et al, 2017 ; Wang et al, 2009 ; Zalizniak & Nugegoda, 2006 ). Impacts tested in more realistic settings often focus on the assessment of relative sensitivities of multiple organism groups (Cuppen et al, 2002 ; Echeverri‐Jaramillo et al, 2020 ; Gaizick et al, 2001 ; Pérez et al, 2015 ), the impact of individual interacting environmental variables on model organisms (e.g. food concentration, shelter availability; Augusiak & van den Brink, 2016 ), the toxicity of pesticide mixtures, drainage ditch water or rain water samples on nontarget species (Cáceres et al, 2007 ; Hasenbein et al, 2017 ; Sakai, 2002 ; Wood & Stark, 2002 ) or ecosystem level interactions in standardized indoor or outdoor mesocosms (Kersting & van Wijngaarden, 1992 ; Knillmann et al, 2012 ; López‐Mancisidor et al, 2008 ; van den Brink et al, 1995 ; Zafar et al, 2011 ).…”

Toxicity Evaluation of Chlorpyrifos Metabolite 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol to Eisenia Fetida in Different Soils

“…In our previous study on the effect of chlorpyrifos on earthworms, concentrations utilized ranged from 0.01 to 1 mg/kg . As TCP is the main degradation product of chlorpyrifos (Echeverri-Jaramillo et al, 2020) with residual soil concentrations lower than that of chlorpyrifos, TCP concentrations used in this study were 0.01, 0.1, and 0.5 mg/kg. A solvent control group (0 mg/kg) was included where only acetonitrile was added to the soil.…”

“…For aquatic organisms, TCP was found to be more toxic than chlorpyrifos to Daphnia carinata survival in cladoceran water (LC 50 values were 0.20 and 0.24 µg/L, respectively) (Cáceres et al, 2007). Echeverri-Jaramillo et al (2020) found that TCP was more toxic than chlorpyrifos to Aliivibrio scheri (IC 50 values were 0.98 and 2.9 mg/L, respectively) and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (IC 50 values were 0.29 and 1.11 mg/L, respectively). This suggests that chlorpyrifos itself may be less toxic than TCP, but once degraded and converted to TCP or other transformation products, it becomes more toxic.…”

“…TCP has a half-life in soil of up to 360 days and an aqueous solubility of 80.9 mg/L, indicating its longer persistence in the environment and potential mobility (Deng et al, 2016). Research on TCP has focused on degradation or biodegradation (Bempelou et al, 2018;Yu et al, 2019;Zhang et al, 2019) as well as aquatic toxicity (Wang et al, 2014;Suvarchala and Philip, 2016;Echeverri-Jaramillo et al, 2020) and toxicity to higher organisms (e.g. mice) (Deng et al, 2016).…”

Study on the Combined Toxicities and Quantitative Characterization of Toxicity Sensitivities of Three Flavor Chemicals and Their Mixtures to Caenorhabditis elegans

“…The equivalent-effect concentration ratio (EECR), specified proportion, − and fixed proportion − are commonly used by most of the scholars when designing mixtures. For example, Zhao et al .…”