Acute toxicity of several organophosphorous insecticides and protection by cholinergic antagonists and 2-PAM on Artemia salina larvae

Abstract

The acute toxicity of chlorpyrifos, methylchlorpyrifos, parathion and methylparathion to three age classes of Artemia salina was determined. In general, A. salina 24-h old was less sensitive to these organophosphorous insecticides (OPI) than A. salina 48-h old and A. salina 48-h old was significantly more tolerant than A. salina 72-h old, in contrast, chlorpyrifos was equally toxic to A. salina 48- and 72-h old. There were some differences among the three age classes of A. salina in the relative order of toxicity of OPI tested. The rank order of toxicity to A. salina 48-h old was methylparathion < parathion < methyl-chlorpyrifos < chlorpyrifos, while to A. salina 24- and 72-h old it was methylparathion = parathion < methyl-chlorpyrifos < chlorpyrifos. The protective effect of the cholinergic antagonists atropine, hexamethonium, pirenzepine and 11-(2-((diethyl-amino)methyl)-1-piperidinylacetyl)-5, 11-dihydro-6H-pyrido(2,3-b)-(1,4)-benzodiazepine-6-one (AF-DX 116) and a cholinesterase-reactivating oxime 2-pyridine aldoxime methochloride (2-PAM) on the mortality due to four selected OPI in Artemia salina 24-h old was investigated. The lethal action of OPI tested was completely prevented by pretreatment of Artemia salina 24-h old with 2-PAM (10(-5) M) and atropine (10(-4 )M). However no concentration of hexamethonium, pirenzepine or AF-DX 116 protected 100% of the animals poisoned by LC84 of the OPI selected, maximum protection obtained was 71 to 88%. In contrast, the maximum inhibition of mortality obtained with AF-DX 116 pretreatment was about 55% because this compound was used at concentrations which were non toxic to control Artemia salina. Atropine, hexamethonium, pirenzepine, AF-DX 116 and 2-PAM afforded 50 % protection (IC50) of Artemia salina against mortality by LC84 of the OPI selected at concentrations in the range of 6.62x10(-7)-1.6x10(-6) M, 2. 38x10(-4)-2.05x10(-3)M, 8.91x10(-7)-1.24x10(-6) M, 9.66x10(-8)-1. 34x10(-7 )M, and 1.95x10(-8)-2.73x10(-8 )M, respectively. Pretreatment of atropine plus 2-PAM to determine whether this combination afforded greater inhibition of the lethality induced by four OPI tested than pretreatment with either atropine or 2-PAM alone was investigated. Atropine (10(-5) M) in combination with 2-PAM (10(-7 )M) inhibited completely the acute toxicity of all OPI tested, while the pretreatment with atropine (10(-6) M) plus 2-PAM at the same concentration gave a inhibition of mortality (about 62%) significantly greater than each antagonist alone (about 14 and 46%, respectively).

Primary Screening of the Bioactivity of Brackishwater Cyanobacteria: Toxicity of Crude Extracts to Artemia salina Larvae and Paracentrotus lividus Embryos

“…Even still, one of 18 methanolic extracts, LEGE 06071, induced acute effects on the A. salina nauplii with a LC 50 of 17.81 mg mL -1 (95% confidence interval of 11.63 to 27.30 mg mL -1 ). It was also observed that the LC 50 values calculated were more prominent at 48 h, which confirms the sensitivity of nauplii observed in previous works [3,8], suggesting that toxicity is much higher after 48 h exposure than after 24 h. Moreover, previous work showed that the crude extracts of marine Synechocystis strains reduced the survival of A. salina nauplii similarly to the results obtained here [11]. The most toxic extracts in this work were those of the filamentous forms Leptolyngbya and Microcoleus.…”

“…This bioassay provides a viable tool since A. salina is a representative species of the zooplankton community. Moreover, the brine shrimp bioassay is an inexpensive test and without ethical constraints [2][3][4].…”

Toxicity assessment of crude and partially purified extracts of marine Synechocystis and Synechococcus cyanobacterial strains in marine invertebrates

“…This is in accordance with several studies that found that artemia greatest sensitivity to test compounds is reached at or after 48 h incubation ( Sánches-Fortún et al, 1996;Caldwell et al, 2003).…”

Pre‐clinical evidence of safety and protective effect of isatin and oxime derivatives against malathion‐induced toxicity

“…Several studies have evaluated the toxicity of OP [20][21][22][23] as well as the protective effects of atropine and oximes in Artemia salina as a convenient alternative to toxicity screening. 22,24 Moreover, this biological model has been chosen as the testing organism considering its availability, short life cycle, high adaptability to varied nutrient resources, low cost and low variability in the population. In fact, estimation of the medium lethal dose in A salina uses a bioassay for preliminary assessment in toxicology and pharmaceutical studies by following the 3Rs policy (reduction, refinement and replacement).…”