Acute toxicity of zinc and copper for rainbow trout (Onchorhyncus mykiss)

Abstract

Anchovy oil is a very suitable supplementary ingredient for fish feeds due to the essential fatty acid composition. The acute toxicity of zinc and copper ions for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum 1792) were evaluated by static bioassays. The average weight and lenght of fish used in the zinc experiments were 3,02 ±0.21 g and 6.52 ±0.12 cm, respectively, while the tests with copper ions were performed with larger fish (7.12 ±0.60 g and 7.89 ±0.12 cm). Temperature, dissolved O 2 , pH and ammonia were measured daily, and the average values were 14.62 ±0.41ºC, 7.49 ±0.15 mg/l O 2 , 7.48 ±0.12 and 0.013 ±0.002 mg/l NH 3 -N, respectively (total hardness of 249.6 mg/l CaCO 3 ). Chemically pure salts of zinc chloride (ZnCl 2 ) and copper sulphate (CuSO 4 5H 2 O) dissolved in distilled water were used as toxicants. Eight zinc ion concentrations with a control group and 8 copper ion concentrations with a control group were prepared. The LT 50 (lethality time for 50%) and 96-h LC 50 (lethal concentration for 50%) values were calculated. The LC 50 values of zinc and copper ions for rainbow trout were found to be 12.88 and 0.094 mg/l, respectively. Survival time decreased with increasing concentrations of zinc and copper ions. Copper ion concentrations were found to be more toxic than zinc ion concentrations for rainbow trout.

Toxic, physiological, histomorphological, growth performance and antiparasitic effects of copper sulphate in fish aquaculture

“…Hence, no contamination of effluents in culture ponds occurs with applications of CuSO 4 due to the instability of copper ions in the water column after Oncorhynchus mykiss (FW) -Fingerling 0.02-0. 10 Miller and Mackay (1980) Oncorhynchus mykiss (FW) -Fingerling 0.09 Taylor et al (2000) Oncorhynchus mykiss (FW) -Fingerling 0.11-0.92 Smith and Heath (1979) Oncorhynchus mykiss (FW) -Fingerling 0.09 Gündogdu (2008) Oncorhynchus mykiss (FW) -Fingerling 0.19 Taylor et al (2000) Oncorhynchus mykiss (FW) -Fingerling 0.33 Dixon and Sprague (1981a) Oncorhynchus mykiss (FW) -Fingerling 0.44 Hassan and Tabarraei (2015) Oncorhynchus mykiss (FW) -Fingerling 1.05 Bulut et al (2014) Oncorhynchus mykiss (FW) -Fingerling 0.25-0.60 Lett et al (1976) Oncorhynchus clarkii (FW) -Fingerling 0.01-0.37 Chakoumakos et al (1979) Oncorhynchus clarkii (FW) -Fingerling 0.08-0.51 Chakoumakos et al (1979) Poecilia reticulata (FW) -Fingerling 1.23 Khangarot (1981b) Poecilia reticulata (FW) -Fingerling Esomus danricus (FW) -Fingerling 5.50 Vutukuru et al (2005) Labeo rohita (FW) -Fingerling 0.56 Adhikari (2003) Labeo rohita (FW) -Fingerling 3.15 Latif et al (2013) Notopterus notopterus (FW) -Fingerling 25.00 Ravikiran and Kulkarni (2015) Notopterus notopterus (FW) -Fingerling 30.00 Barad and Kulkarni (2010) Capoeta umbla (FW) -Fingerling 1.48 Cyprinus carpio (FW) -Fingerling 0.12 Tembhre and Kumar (1995) Cyprinus carpio (FW) -Fingerling 0.75 Kondera et al (2014) Carassius gibelio (FW) -Fingerling 0.50 Velcheva et al (2013) Lepomis macrochirus (FW) -Fingerling 2.31-3.80 Smith and Heath (1979) Lepomis macrochirus (FW) -Fingerling 0.74 Trama (1954) Notemigonus crysoleucus (FW) -Fingerling 0.31-0.41 Smith and Heath (1979) Prochilodus lineatus (FW) -Juvenile 0.001 Takasusuki et al (2004) Salvelinus fontinalis (FW) -Juvenile 0.11 McKim and Benoit (1971) Salvelinus fontinalis (FW) -Juvenile 0.09 McKim and Benoit (1971) application (McNevin and Boyd, 2004). The concentration of CuSO4 used should be based on total alkalinity of water because the CuSO 4 precipitates rapidly as copper carbonate wit...…”

“…Sublethal concentrations of CuSO 4 can also be toxic for fish with reduced metabolic capacity, which can be explained by the accumulation of ionic copper on the gill surface and the impairing of the O diffusion capacity (Gündogdu, 2008), and the involvement of other vital organs in fish (Tables 3-5). Given that the liver is the main organ for storing essential metals, the accumulation of copper ions in this tissue is related to the concentration of ions in the environment and the duration of exposure.…”

Zinc oxide (ZnO) induced toxicity and behavioural changes to oligochaete worm Tubifex tubifex (Muller)

“…The present 96h LC 50 value (11.15 mg/l) of Zn to Tubifex tubifex is higher than the values obtained by earlier researchers in Oncorhynchus mykiss (0.95 and 3.79 mg/l) [32,33], Salmo gairdneri (0.55 mg/l, 0.24 mg/l and 4 mg/l) [34,35,36], Hypophthalmichthys molitrix(1.23 mg/l) and Ctenopharyngodon idella (4.6 mg/l) [8]. But it was slightly lower than the value found in Oncorhynchus mykiss (12.88 mg/l) [9], Oreochromis niloticus (63.98 mg/l) [31], Labeo rohita (65 mg/l) [37] and Channa punctatus (48.68 mg/l) [38]. This variation in toxicity of Zinc was probably due to the variation in physic-chemical properties of water [39], size, weight, age group and the habitat of the test organisms [40].…”

“…For these reasons, the risk assessment and toxicity evaluation of Zinc oxide has been needed in aquatic toxicology study. The acute toxicity studies on Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), rainbow trout, rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and some other fish have been reported earlier by previous researchers [8][9][10][11].…”

Hematological and histological alterations detected in striped catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) exposed to acute copper concentrations

“…Benzer çalışmalarda da bakır toksisitesinin mortaliteyi artırdığı görülmüştür. Gökkuşağı alabalıkları 0,5 mg L -1 Cu konsantrasyonuna maruz bırakıldıklarında mortalite % 70 olurken bakır konsantrasyonu 2 mg L -1 'ye çıkarıldığında mortalite % 100'e yükselmiştir (Gündoğdu, 2008). Sazanlar 8-10 mg L -1 Cu konsantrasyonuna maruz bırakıldıklarında mortalite 24 saatte % 54-60'a yükselmiştir (Thangan, 2016).…”