“…Younger people and females may be more at risk of smartphone addiction, while the evidence regarding the impact of education is more mixed. Initially, women tend to spend more daily time on their phones than males (Roberts, Yaya and Manolis, 2014), and there is compelling evidence to suggest that females experience a greater degree of cell phone dependence and problematic usage than males (Jenaro et al 2007;Sanchez Martinez and Otero, 2009;Beranuy et al 2009;Lopez-Fernandez, Honrubia-Serrano, and Freixa-Blanxart, 2012;Hakoama and Hakoyama, 2011;Jackson et al 2008;Leung, 2008;Geser, 2006). Women (particularly those with low self-esteem) are deemed the most vulnerable group regarding smartphone addiction (Pedrero et al 2012), and may rely more on smartphones than males in order to reduce social anxiety (Lee et al 2014).…”