Adaptations to pressure in the RBC metabolism of diving mammals

Castellini, Michael A.; Castellini, J. Margaret; Rivera, Patricia

doi:10.1016/s1095-6433(01)00344-0

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Thus, differences in the response of immune cells between humans and belugas may reflect different degrees of dive adaptation. Field ( 2000 ) reported that platelets from elephant seals and humans responded differently when exposed to 2800 psi pressure (2000 m) and red blood cells from deep-diving, shallow-diving and terrestrial mammals have been reported to function differently (measured as glycolytic activity) in response to pressure exposures (Castellini et al, 2001 ). For both platelets and erythrocytes, membrane cholesterol content has been reported to vary between marine and terrestrial mammals (Field, 2000 ; Williams et al, 2001 ) and can be important in determining cell sensitivity to changes in pressure, as cholesterol content is related to membrane fluidity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Whereas differences in the response of platelets and red blood cells to increased pressure have been noted between marine mammals and humans or other terrestrial species (Field, 2000 ; Castellini et al, 2001 ; Williams et al, 2001 ), there have been no published reports concerning potential impact of diving on immune function in marine mammals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Red blood cell metabolism of marine mammals during simulated exposures to 2000 psi has been compared between shallow and deep diving species, as well as with non-diving terrestrial mammals (Castellini et al, 2001 ). Glycolytic activity, calculated as a measure of cell metabolism in this study, tended to increase in marine mammal cells, while the response of terrestrial mammal cells was much more variable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) granulocytes and monocytes display variable responses to in vitro pressure exposures

Thompson

2015

Front. Physiol.

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While it is widely known that marine mammals possess adaptations which allow them to make repetitive and extended dives to great depths without suffering ill effects seen in humans, the response of marine mammal immune cells to diving is unknown. Renewed interest in marine mammal dive physiology has arisen due to reports of decompression sickness-like symptoms and embolic damage in stranded and by-caught animals, and there is concern over whether anthropogenic activities can impact marine mammal health by disrupting adaptive dive responses and behavior. This work addresses the need for information concerning marine mammal immune function during diving by evaluating granulocyte and monocyte phagocytosis, and granulocyte activation in belugas (n = 4) in comparison with humans (n = 4), with and without in vitro pressure exposures. In addition, the potential for additional stressors to impact immune function was investigated by comparing the response of beluga cells to pressure between baseline and stressor conditions. Granulocyte and monocyte phagocytosis, as well as granulocyte activation, were compared between pressure exposed and non-exposed cells for each condition, between different pressure profiles and between conditions using mixed generalized linear models (α = 0.05). The effects of pressure varied between species as well by depth, compression/decompression rates, and length of exposures, and condition for belugas. Pressure induced changes in granulocyte and monocyte function in belugas could serve a protective function against dive-related pathologies and differences in the response between humans and belugas could reflect degrees of dive adaptation. The alteration of these responses during physiologically challenging conditions may increase the potential for dive-related in jury and disease in marine mammals.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) granulocytes and monocytes display variable responses to in vitro pressure exposures

Thompson

2015

Front. Physiol.

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“…Cholesterol content of the platelet membranes was noted to be one mechanism of adaptation in the elephant seal. Castellini et al ( 2001 ) found that following in vitro exposure to pressure, glucose uptake and production of lactate by red blood cells differed between terrestrial mammals, shallow diving marine mammals and deep diving marine mammal species. In addition, granulocyte and monocyte phagocytosis in belugas also appears to be altered when cells are exposed to high pressures (Thompson and Romano, 2015 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pressure Induced Changes in Adaptive Immune Function in Belugas (Delphinapterus leucas); Implications for Dive Physiology and Health

Thompson

2016

Front. Physiol.

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Increased pressure, associated with diving, can alter cell function through several mechanisms and has been shown to impact immune functions performed by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in humans. While marine mammals possess specific adaptations which protect them from dive related injury, it is unknown how their immune system is adapted to the challenges associated with diving. The purpose of this study was to measure PBMC activation (IL2R expression) and Concanavalin A induced lymphocyte proliferation (BrdU incorporation) in belugas following in vitro pressure exposures during baseline, Out of Water Examination (OWE) and capture/release conditions. Beluga blood samples (n = 4) were obtained from animals at the Mystic Aquarium and from free ranging animals in Alaska (n = 9). Human blood samples (n = 4) (Biological Specialty Corporation) were run for comparison. In vivo catecholamines and cortisol were measured in belugas to characterize the neuroendocrine response. Comparison of cellular responses between controls and pressure exposed cells, between conditions in belugas, between belugas and humans as well as between dive profiles, were run using mixed generalized linear models (α = 0.05). Cortisol was significantly higher in Bristol Bay belugas and OWE samples as compared with baseline for aquarium animals. Both IL2R expression and proliferation displayed significant pressure induced changes, and these responses varied between conditions in belugas. Both belugas and humans displayed increased IL2R expression, while lymphocyte proliferation decreased for aquarium animals and increased for humans and Bristol Bay belugas. Results suggest beluga PBMC function is altered during diving and changes may represent dive adaptation as the response differs from humans, a non-dive adapted mammal. In addition, characteristics of a dive (i.e., duration, depth) as well as neuroendocrine activity can alter the response of beluga cells, potentially impacting the ability of animals to fight infection or avoid dive related pathologies.

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“…It has also been shown that slightly higher pressure (<15 ATM) can alter the membrane lipid order, and therefore the fluidity of human RBC membranes (Chen et al, 1994 ; Barshtein et al, 1997 ). There is some evidence that the metabolic pathways of marine mammal RBC are either pressure insensitive or actually slightly enhanced in simulated diving to 2000 PSI (1360 m or 136 ATM of pressure) (Castellini et al, 2001 , 2002 ), but the rheological characteristics of RBC were not examined in those studies. Differences of membrane properties between marine mammal and terrestrial RBC have been implicated in pressure tolerance differences, glucose transport properties and in the ability to count the cells using flow cytometry (Castellini et al, 1992 , 2002 ; Williams et al, 2001 ).…”

Section: Marine Versus Terrestrial Mammalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood Rheology in Marine Mammals

Castellini¹,

Başkurt²,

Castellini³

et al. 2010

Front. Physio.

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The field of blood oxygen transport and delivery to tissues has been studied by comparative physiologists for many decades. Within this general area, the particular differences in oxygen delivery between marine and terrestrial mammals has focused mainly on oxygen supply differences and delivery to the tissues under low blood flow diving conditions. Yet, the study of the inherent flow properties of the blood itself (hemorheology) is rarely discussed when addressing diving. However, hemorheology is important to the study of marine mammals because of the critical nature of the oxygen stores that are carried in the blood during diving periods. This review focuses on the essential elements of hemorheology, how they are defined and on fundamental rheological applications to marine mammals. While the comparative rationale used throughout the review is much broader than the particular problems associated with diving, the basic concepts focus on how changes in the flow properties of whole blood would be critical to oxygen delivery during diving. This review introduces the reader to most of the major rheological concepts that are relevant to the unique and unusual aspects of the diving physiology of marine mammals.

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Adaptations to pressure in the RBC metabolism of diving mammals

Cited by 11 publications

References 15 publications

Beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) granulocytes and monocytes display variable responses to in vitro pressure exposures

Beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) granulocytes and monocytes display variable responses to in vitro pressure exposures

Pressure Induced Changes in Adaptive Immune Function in Belugas (Delphinapterus leucas); Implications for Dive Physiology and Health

Blood Rheology in Marine Mammals

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