Adaptive and Inflammatory Immune Responses in Patients Infected with Strains ofVibrio parahaemolyticus

Abstract

In patients with diarrhea caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus, antibody-secreting cell responses to thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and whole-cell bacteria were seen. TDH- and LPS-specific responses were seen in serum samples, and immunoglobulin A antibody responses were observed in stool. Levels of C-reactive protein and nitric oxide metabolites increased in the systemic circulation at the onset of illness. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and lactoferrin levels were high during the acute stage in mucosal secretions and in plasma, whereas interleukin-1beta levels were high only in mucosal secretions. Duodenal and rectal biopsy specimens obtained at the onset of illness showed an acute inflammatory response. The lamina propria showed edema, congestion of blood vessels, and hemorrhage, with an increase in levels of polymorphonuclear neutrophils and macrophages. Strains belonging to different serotypes exhibited varying resistance to killing by serum; the O8:K21 strain was most sensitive. Infection with V. parahaemolyticus results in B cell responses and an acute inflammatory response that is self-limiting.

Type III secretion system 1 of Vibrio parahaemolyticus induces oncosis in both epithelial and monocytic cell lines

“…Recently, V. parahaemolyticus has been shown to induce cell death in HeLa cells by apoptosis, as evidenced by DNA fragmentation, and this apoptosis is dependent on T3SS1 (Ono et al, 2006). Nevertheless, the clinical manifestation of vibriosis is consistent with an inflammatory response, including neutrophil recruitment to the site of intestinal infection (Qadri et al, 2003); this inflammatory response is more consistent with oncosis or pyroptosis than apoptosis or autophagy. Furthermore, Burdette et al (2008) have recently reported that V. parahaemolyticus induces autophagy in cell culture, but blocking this pathway does not block cell death.…”

Regulation of type III secretion system 1 gene expression inVibrio parahaemolyticusis dependent on interactions between ExsA, ExsC, and ExsD

“…6 V. parahaemolyticus-induced diarrhea is inflammatory with edema, congestion of blood vessels, hemorrhage and increased level of neutrophils in the lamina propria of the intestine. 7 In contrast, V. cholerae causes non-inflammatory, secretory diarrhea resulting in severe and rapid dehydration and shock. 8 In addition to gastroenteritis, V. parahaemolyticus also causes septicemia, particularly for individuals with preexisting liver disease.…”

Pandemic Serovars (O3:K6 and O4:K68) of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Associated with Diarrhea in Mozambique: Spread of the Pandemic into the African Continent

“…Increased rates of isolation of the pandemic serovars of V. parahaemolyticus in Asia and the United States since 1996 have suggested a V. parahaemolyticus pandemic (14,18,20,21). Besides O3:K6, it has been reported that 10 other serotypes (O4:K68, O1:K25, O1:K41, O1:KUT, O1:K56, O3:K75, O4: K8, O4:K12, O4:KUT, and O5:KUT, where UT indicates untypeable) have emerged and have been shown to belong to the pandemic clone by molecular typing techniques (5,13,22).…”