“…Thus, it is vital to build a mathematical model accurately for mechanical systems to achieve an efficient and accurate output performance. Many models have been introduced to characterize hysteretic properties, such as Preisach model (Hughes and Wen, 1997; Jiaqiang et al, 2015; Li et al, 2014a; Mayergoyz, 1991; Nguyen et al, 2018; Wolf et al, 2012; Xiao and Li, 2013), Prandt-Ishlinskii model (Al Janaideh and Krejčí, 2012; Fan and Tan, 2019; Gan et al, 2016; Li and Xu, 2011; Qin et al, 2017; Xie et al, 2020; Yi et al, 2019; Zhang et al, 2021a, 2021b), Bouc-Wen (BW) model (Chen et al, 2022; Ikhouane and Rodellar, 2007; Wang and Zhu, 2011), Maxwell model (Cao et al, 2013; Juhász et al, 2011; Liu et al, 2016a, 2016b), Duhem model (Lin and Lin, 2012; Macki et al, 1993; Ouyang and Jayawardhana, 2014; Wang and Chen, 2017), Dahl model (Xu and Li, 2010), Jiles–Atherton model (Zaman and Matin, 2015; Zirka et al, 2012), Krasnosel’skii-Pokrovskii model (Zhou et al, 2015), Polynomial-based hysteretic model (Jung et al, 2001), and neural network model (Xu and Zhou, 2018).…”