Adaptive Headlamps in Automobile: A Review on the Models, Detection Techniques, and Mathematical Models

Abstract

Driving at night with traditional headlamps poses great threats with a large number of accidents occurring during the night because of temporary blindness caused by the headlights of the oncoming traffic. The headlights when in high beam cause temporary visual impairment of human eyes called the Troxler effect. While it reduces the time to react, it also leads to decreased visibility which contributes to the majority of mishaps that occur at night. Customarily the headlight adjustments are controlled manually where poor driving skills or error in judgment can have catastrophic effects. Accidents also occur due to poor lighting conditions as the current regular headlamp configurations don't illuminate the roads precisely, especially during curves and on unpredictable terrains. Hence there is a need for adaptive headlamps in automobiles that can prevent Troxler's effect on the drivers of the opposite vehicles while not compromising on the illumination of the road for the driver on-board. This paper explores various methodologies used in implementing adaptive headlamps and explore the scope for future work in this area of research. Also, the paper reviews vehicle detection algorithms as well as various vehicle mathematical models for headlamp control based on steering angles INDEX TERMS Adaptive Front light Systems (AFS)

Vision-Based On-Road Nighttime Vehicle Detection and Tracking Using Improved HOG Features

“…The YOLO identification experiment exhibited robust detection capabilities primarily tailored to models within the dataset and similar series, indicating limited universality. Specifically, in vehicle-related projects, such as headlight recognition in engineering, a substantial amount of diverse data is essential for comprehensive training [ 3 ]. Consequently, our proposed method often outperforms in scenarios with limited data volumes.…”

“…Numerous studies on vehicle detection using monocular vision primarily concentrate on identifying vehicles during daylight hours [ 1 , 2 ]. Despite the traffic flow at night being much lower than during the daytime, insufficient illumination, complex road conditions, and the inapparent car contour lead to 42% of accidents occurring at nighttime [ 3 ]. The rear lights are the most significant feature of moving vehicles at night [ 4 ].…”

Temperature-Aware Adaptive Control for Automotive Front-Lighting System

“…If TC1 is negative, the range of c1NO is 0 < c1NO ≤ 1 under normal operation. The average pixel current becomes less affected by TC1 when c1 NO is close to 1, resulting in (9) being similar to (5). In this case, the constant c in ( 5) is TC1c2NO.…”

“…1 [2][3][4]. Conventional light sources for AFSs, such as acetylene gas, incandescent lamps, halogens, and xenon, have been rapidly replaced with LEDs because of their higher efficiency [5,6]. Furthermore, resolution and temperature control of headlight become important due the variation of LED current [7].…”

Piezoelectric MEMS Mirror with Lissajous Scanning for Automobile Adaptive Laser Headlights

“…Adaptive driving beam (ADB) is a sophisticated driver assistance technology for vehicle headlights to improve road and traffic safety at night. It provides drivers with high contrast and brightness visibility at night while eliminating glare that causes temporary blindness for other drivers [ 2 , 3 , 4 ]. Unlike traditional headlights that manually switch between low and high beam modules [ 5 ], the ADB system is built on an automotive computer vision system that regulates the spatial illumination based on the cruising speed and the traffic situation (e.g., the presence of oncoming traffic, pedestrians, traffic marks, or vehicles ahead traveling in the same direction) [ 6 ].…”