Adaptive Immunity to Viruses: What Did We Learn from SARS-CoV-2 Infection?

Vályi‐Nagy, István; Uher, Ferenc; Rákóczi, Éva; Szekanecz, Zoltán

doi:10.3390/ijms232213951

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…Immunological studies make an important basis for the development of preventive measures, and since fish constitute the earliest evolutionary group having both innate and adaptive immunity ( 4 ), they are also highly interesting for comparative and evolutionary studies as. The host’s innate immune responses are essential for preventing the spread of pathogens during infections ( 5 ). The understanding of lower vertebrate innate immune responses to viral infection has significantly advanced in recent years, particularly regarding the role and diversity of interferons (IFNs) and interferon-induced signaling pathways ( 6 , 7 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptome-wide analyses of early immune responses in lumpfish leukocytes upon stimulation with poly(I:C)

Rao,

Lunde,

Dolan

et al. 2023

Front. Immunol.

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BackgroundBoth bacterial and viral diseases are a major threat to farmed fish. As the antiviral immune mechanisms in lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus L.) are poorly understood, lumpfish leukocytes were stimulated with poly(I:C), a synthetic analog of double stranded RNA, which mimic viral infections, and RNA sequencing was performed.MethodsTo address this gap, we stimulated lumpfish leukocytes with poly(I:C) for 6 and 24 hours and did RNA sequencing with three parallels per timepoint. Genome guided mapping was performed to define differentially expressed genes (DEGs).ResultsImmune genes were identified, and transcriptome-wide analyses of early immune responses showed that 376 and 2372 transcripts were significantly differentially expressed 6 and 24 hours post exposure (hpe) to poly(I:C), respectively. The most enriched GO terms when time had been accounted for, were immune system processes (GO:0002376) and immune response (GO:0006955). Analysis of DEGs showed that among the most highly upregulated genes were TLRs and genes belonging to the RIG-I signaling pathway, including LGP2, STING and MX, as well as IRF3 and IL12A. RIG-I was not identified, but in silico analyses showed that genes encoding proteins involved in pathogen recognition, cell signaling, and cytokines of the TLR and RIG-I signaling pathway are mostly conserved in lumpfish when compared to mammals and other teleost species.ConclusionsOur analyses unravel the innate immune pathways playing a major role in antiviral defense in lumpfish. The information gathered can be used in comparative studies and lay the groundwork for future functional analyses of immune and pathogenicity mechanisms. Such knowledge is also necessary for the development of immunoprophylactic measures for lumpfish, which is extensively cultivated for use as cleaner fish in the aquaculture for removal of sea lice from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.).

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptome-wide analyses of early immune responses in lumpfish leukocytes upon stimulation with poly(I:C)

Rao,

Lunde,

Dolan

et al. 2023

Front. Immunol.

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“…In B-cell immunity, extracellular mechanisms strive to compensate for the delayed or prolonged germinal center response by intensifying activities, leading to the highest measured levels of antibodies in the most severe COVID-19 cases [ 56 ]. Importantly, B_HLA-II, the dominant element in the B-plasma cell lineage of the control group, significantly decreased in both ARDS groups.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune characteristics of kidney transplant recipients with acute respiratory distress syndrome induced by COVID-19 at single-cell resolution

Lu,

Chen,

Zhou

et al. 2024

Respir Res

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Background COVID-19-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) can result in tissue damage and multiple organ dysfunction, especially in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) receiving immunosuppressive drugs. Presently, single-cell research on COVID-19-induced ARDS is considerably advanced, yet knowledge about ARDS in KTRs is still constrained. Methods Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis was performed to construct a comprehensive single-cell immune landscape of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of eight patients with COVID-19-induced ARDS, five KTRs with COVID-19-induced ARDS, and five healthy individuals. Subsequently, we conducted a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis, including cell clustering, enrichment analysis, trajectory analysis, gene regulatory network analysis, and cell–cell interaction analysis, to investigate the heterogeneity of the immune microenvironment in KTRs with ARDS. Result Our study revealed that KTRs exhibit significant heterogeneity with COVID-19-induced ARDS compared with those of other individuals, with significant reductions in T cells, as well as an abnormal proliferation of B cells and monocytes. In the context of dual influences from immunosuppression and viral infection, KTRs exhibited more specific plasma cells, along with significant enrichment of dysfunctional GZMB and XAF1 double-positive effector T cells and IFI27-positive monocytes. Additionally, robust communication existed among T cells and monocytes in cytokine signaling. These effects impede the process of immune reconstitution in KTR patients. Conclusion Our findings suggest that KTRs with COVID-19-induced ARDS show elevated antibody levels, impaired T cell differentiation, and dysregulation of innate immunity. In summary, this study provides a theoretical foundation for a comprehensive understanding of COVID-19-induced ARDS in KTRs.

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“…The scope of this paper is to cover immune mechanisms, from the most indispensable in the first line of defense against pathogens, like the role of combined influx of cytokines, macrophages and interferons (IFNs), which significance was well noted by Silva et al (2022), to a more comprehensive insight into both humoral and cellular immunity. As stated by Vályi-Nagy et al (2022) in a review on adaptive immunity in SARS-CoV-2, only a coordinated and balanced work of both immune systems guarantee overcoming the infection. Additionally, the article explores the immune reactions to the newly developed and widely used vaccines, pointing out the limitations of the sole assessment of antibodies titers and significance of cellular immunity as was signaled in similar reviews concentrating solely on vaccinations to SARS-CoV-2 (Laidlaw and Ellebedy 2022;Sadarangani et al 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunity in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Clarity or Mystery? A Broader Perspective in the Third Year of a Worldwide Pandemic

Kapten

Orczyk

Smolewska

2023

Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp.

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its mechanisms have been thoroughly studied by researchers all over the world with the hope of finding answers that may aid the discovery of new treatment options or effective means of prevention. Still, over 2 years into the pandemic that is an immense burden on health care and economic systems, there seem to be more questions than answers. The character and multitude of immune responses elicited in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vary from uncontrollable activation of the inflammatory system, causing extensive tissue damage and consequently leading to severe or even fatal disease, to mild or asymptomatic infections in the majority of patients, resulting in the unpredictability of the current pandemic. The aim of the study was to systematize the available data regarding the immune response to SARS-CoV-2, to provide some clarification among the abundance of the knowledge available. The review contains concise and current information on the most significant immune reactions to COVID-19, including components of both innate and adaptive immunity, with an additional focus on utilizing humoral and cellular responses as effective diagnostic tools. Moreover, the authors discussed the present state of knowledge on SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and their efficacy in cases of immunodeficiency.

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Adaptive Immunity to Viruses: What Did We Learn from SARS-CoV-2 Infection?

Cited by 9 publications

References 66 publications

Transcriptome-wide analyses of early immune responses in lumpfish leukocytes upon stimulation with poly(I:C)

Transcriptome-wide analyses of early immune responses in lumpfish leukocytes upon stimulation with poly(I:C)

Immune characteristics of kidney transplant recipients with acute respiratory distress syndrome induced by COVID-19 at single-cell resolution

Immunity in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Clarity or Mystery? A Broader Perspective in the Third Year of a Worldwide Pandemic

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