“…This is the most studied variant, and it is the one we will refer to as the vehicle routing with cross-docking (VRPCD). Several heuristics have been proposed to solve it: based on tabu-search (Wen et al, 2008;Tarantilis, 2012;Nikolopoulou et al, 2017Nikolopoulou et al, , 2016, iterated local search (Morais et al, 2014) and LNS (Grangier et al, 2017). Many variants have been studied, with optional cross-dock returns (Petersen and Ropke, 2011;Santos et al, 2013;Nikolopoulou et al, 2017), taking into account the cost of handling (Santos et al, 2011a,b;Enderer et al, 2017), with multiple cross-docks (Ahmadizar et al, 2015;Maknoon and Laporte, 2017;Kroep et al, 2017), with partly subcontracted or left to suppliers routes (Yu et al, 2016;Enderer et al, 2017).…”