Adaptive Nature of Insect Galls

Price, Peter W.; Fernandes, Geraldo Wilson; Waring, Gwendolyn L.

doi:10.1093/ee/16.1.15

Cited by 492 publications

(393 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…The authors argue that insects hosted in the plant stems have a greater resistance to mechanical damage and availability of tissues of higher nutritional quality than those on leaves (see also Veldtman & McGeoch 2003, Inbar et al 2004, Price 2005. Protection against external factors is one of the main selective pressures for the gall-inducing insects (Price et al 1987). However, it is unclear as to why the results from Rupestrian Fields and Campos de Altitude were the only ones to show this pattern in Brazil.…”

Section: Familiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gall-inducing insects from Campos de Altitude, Brazil

et al. 2013

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-inducing insects from Campos de Altitude, Brazil. Biota Neotrop. 13(4): http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/v13n4/en/ abstract?article+bn02513042013Abstract: Gall-inducing insects are very specious in vegetations of southeastern Brazil. Our goal was describe the gall richness by characterizing their external forms and their patterns of occurrence on host plants. Samples were collected from Campos de Altitude at four regions of the Mantiqueira Range: 1) Parque Estadual da Serra do Brigadeiro, 2) Parque Nacional do Caparaó, 3) Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca, 4) Parque Nacional do Itatiaia. We found 93 gall species within 13 families, 30 genera and 50 host plant species. We recorded 38 gall species in Parque Estadual da Serra do Brigadeiro, 21 in Parque Nacional do Caparaó, 23 in Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca and 20 in Parque Nacional do Itatiaia. Asteraceae represented 33% of the species collected, followed by Melastomataceae at 17%; with each one concentrating 56% and 18% of the galling insects, respectively. 98% of galls were Cecydomiidae (Diptera). The most attacked organ was the stem (56%), followed by the leaf (23%). Only 12% of the galls described in our study had been already recorded in previous studies, thus reinforcing the need to increase the sampling effort toward a better understanding of the richness and the natural history of gall-inducing insects from Brazil. Resumo: Insetos indutores de galhas são muito ricos em espécies nas formações vegetais do sudeste do Brasil. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a riqueza de morfotipos de galha por meio da caracterização de suas formas externas e os padrões de ocorrência nas plantas hospedeiras. As amostragens foram realizadas em campos rupestres e altitudinais de quatro regiões da Serra da Mantiqueira: 1) campos de altitude do Parque Estadual do Brigadeiro e 2) Parque Nacional do Caparaó, 3) Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca e Parque Nacional do Itatiaia. Foram registradas 93 espécies de galhas induzidas por insetos em 13 famílias, 30 gêneros e 50 espécies de plantas hospedeiras. Sendo 38 a riqueza de insetos indutores de galhas do Parque Estadual do Brigadeiro, 21 do Parque Nacional do Caparaó, 23 do Parque Nacional do Caparaó e 20 do Parque Nacional do Itatiaia. As famílias com maior riqueza foram Asteraceae (33%) e Melastomataceae (17%). A família Cecydomiidae (Diptera) foi a mais frequente (98%). O órgão mais atacado foi o caule (56%) seguido de folha (23%). O fato de apenas 12% das galhas descritas neste estudo já terem sido registradas em trabalhos anteriores, reforça a necessidade em aumentar o esforço amostral na direção de um maior conhecimento sobre a riqueza e história natural dos insetos indutores de galhas no Brasil. Palavras-chave: biodiversidade, biogeografia, herbivoria, planta hospedeira, altitude 140 Coelho, M.S. et al.

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Section: Familiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gall-inducing insects from Campos de Altitude, Brazil

et al. 2013

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“…Through this interaction, these insects obtain shelter, food and protection against adverse environmental conditions and natural enemies (FERNANDES & PRICE, 1988;PRICE et al, 1987;PRICE, 2005). In these relationships, the specificity of insect-plant systems generates phenotypes capable of indicating taxonomically the organisms involved (ISAIAS et al, 201;, even when there are different interactions induced on the same host species, the so-called "super host plants" (ARAÚJO et al,201).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Richness of insect galls on shrub-tree restinga of a coastal plain of southern Brazil

Arriola¹,

Júnior²

2016

ABC

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The restingas are coastal ecosystems over the sandy Quaternary plains. Their vegetation present flora and structure conditioned mainly by edaphic factors. They vary from grasslands, shrub lands up to woody forests. Their environmental conditions, such as water stress and high solar irradiance, may be associated to a high richness of galling. This study aims to identify the insect-plant interactions of the gall type, in a shrub-tree restinga formation at the Acaraí State Park, situated in São Francisco do Sul, Santa Catarina State. The survey was conducted in four plots of 250 x 5 m (5,000 m²) of the PELD/PPBio module, with a sample effort of 32 hours. There were found 56 morphospecies of galls in 31 species of host plants. Lauraceae, Myrtaceae, Melastomataceae, Nyctaginaceae and Calophyllaceae showed the highest number of interactions. Guapira opposita (Nyctaginaceae) and Calophyllum brasiliense (Calophyllaceae) were the major super-hosts. There was a predominance of isolated globoid galls on leaves, induced by Diptera -Cecidomyiidae. Galls on stems were less abundant. The focus of this inventory was restricted to the aerial parts of the plants, which limited the galls records on roots, for which there were records only in adventitious roots of the epiphyte Philodendron surinamense. The richness of galls seems to be proportional to the richness of plant species in this restinga formation. Keywords: Cecidomyiidae; coastal vegetation; plant-insect interaction; super-hosts. RESUMOAs restingas são ecossistemas costeiros que ocupam as planícies quaternárias arenosas. Sua vegetação apresenta flora e estrutura condicionada por fatores edáficos em maior grau. Variam de formações herbáceas, arbustivas, arbustivo-arbóreas a florestas. Suas características ambientais estressantes, como a baixa disponibilidade hídrica e a alta radiação solar, propiciam uma elevada riqueza de insetos galhadores. O objetivo deste estudo foi reconhecer as interações inseto-planta, do tipo galha, na formação arbustivo-arbórea da restinga do Parque Estadual Acaraí, situado em São Francisco do Sul, Santa Catarina. O levantamento foi realizado em quatro parcelas de 250 x 5 m (5.000 m²) do módulo PELD/ PPBio, com esforço amostral de 32 horas. Encontraram-se 56 morfoespécies de galhas em 31 espécies de plantas hospedeiras. As famílias com maior número de interações foram Lauraceae, Myrtaceae, Melastomataceae, Nyctaginaceae e Calophyllaceae. As espécies Guapira opposita (Nyctaginaceae) e Calophyllum brasiliense (Calophyllaceae) foram as principais super-hospedeiras. Houve predominância de galhas globoides isoladas em folhas, induzidas por Diptera -Cecidomyiidae. Galhas em caules foram menos abundantes. O foco do inventário restringiu-se às partes aéreas das plantas, o que limitou o registro de galhas em raízes, sendo registradas apenas em raízes adventícias da epífita Philodendron surinamense. A riqueza de galhas parece ser proporcional à riqueza de espécies vegetais nessa formação de restinga. Palavras-chave: Cecidomyiidae; interação inseto-...

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“…Global Price et al, 1987). Implicit in this original idea are patterns of gall-insect occurrence show that the the facts that 'better' food source may mean richest faunas are found in areas where the climate is improved quality in terms of N or carbohydrates, or dry for a large part of the year and soil fertility low decreased levels of secondary compounds.…”

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Performance of the thistle gall fly, Urophora cardui, in relation to host plant nitrogen and mycorrhizal colonization

Gange

Nice

1997

New Phytologist

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SUMM.'VRYMany hypotheses have been developed to explain the adaptive nature of insect galls. One of these, the nutrition hypothesis, states that gall formers have advantages over other insects because gall tissue provides a better (higher quality) food source than unmodified tissue. However, this has rarely been experimentally tested. In a test of this hypothesis, we grew plants of Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop, tn a factorial design with two main treatments: the addition of nitrogen (to enhance foliar N levels) and of fungicide (to reduce colonization of roots by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi). Mycorrhizal fungi have been shown previously to reduce the X concentration of host plants. Plants were exposed to adult gall flies, Urophora cardui L., and maintained through one season to allow maturation of galls.Reduction of the percentage mycorrhizal colonization by fungicide resulted in an elevation of total stem N comparable to that achie\'ed by X addition, but gall N concentration remained unchanged in all treatments. Nitrogen application elevated stem N levels when mycorrhizal fungi were present, but apphcation of both compounds together did not result in any increase over either single treatment. Fungicide application resulted in larger galls, which contained more lar\-al chambers, with more live, and heavier, larvae. However, the main effects of N were not significant, as N addition only increased fly performance on plants where mycorrhizas were not reduced.It is suggested that U. cardui gall inhabitants can manipulate N at an optimal level and thus might conform to a modified version of the nutrition hypothesis. Mycorrhizal colonization might reduce gall fly performance by delaying the appearance, or impairing the quality, of secondary nutritive tissue in the gall. Future tests of the nutrition hypothesis should include a consideration of the plant's mycorrhizal status.

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Adaptive Nature of Insect Galls

Cited by 492 publications

References 39 publications

Gall-inducing insects from Campos de Altitude, Brazil

Gall-inducing insects from Campos de Altitude, Brazil

Richness of insect galls on shrub-tree restinga of a coastal plain of southern Brazil

Performance of the thistle gall fly, Urophora cardui, in relation to host plant nitrogen and mycorrhizal colonization

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