“…In this context, many studies have focused on the development of learner-centric tools and content personalization to address diverse learners' preferences. These studies cover a range of applications, including personalized readability assessment for L2 reading (Ehara, 2022), difficulty detection and adaptation for practicing grammar (Pandarova et al, 2019), personalized conversational AI agents (Dizon et al, 2022), robot-assisted language learning (Randall, 2019), and simulation and games (Karoui et al, 2021;Peterson & Jabbari, 2022). Notably, there is a specific focus on personalized mobile-assisted learning (Gumbheer et al, 2022).…”