Adding Fish Oil to Whey Protein, Leucine, and Carbohydrate Over a Six-Week Supplementation Period Attenuates Muscle Soreness Following Eccentric Exercise in Competitive Soccer Players

Philpott, Jordan; Donnelly, Chris; Walshe, Ian; MacKinley, Elizabeth E; Dick, James R.; Galloway, Stuart D. R.; Tipton, Kevin D.; Witard, Oliver C.

doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0161

Cited by 31 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…While previous research has indicated FO supplementation may attenuate losses in muscular strength following vigorous exercise [35,54,55], our results do not support these findings, which is similar to the majority of research to date [34,40,41,53,55]. It is thought that FO may reduce the amount of damage assumed by the worked skeletal muscle and conserve strength and power production, and thus muscular performance.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 92%

“…The literature to date has been published examining FO supplementation and perceived soreness following damaging or vigorous exercise [32][33][34]38,41,[53][54][55][56]. While a direct comparison is impossible due to the array of damaging or vigorous exercise protocols that have been studied (e.g., eccentric squat, bench stepping, eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors), our finding that 6G FO supplementation reduces perceived soreness following a single bout of damaging exercise has been demonstrated in previous research.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

“…Similar results have also been noted by Jouris et al [32] and Lembke and colleagues [35], who found 3G FO for 7 days and 2.7G FO for 30 days, respectively, resulted in significant decreases in perceived soreness. Overall, the majority of the literature to date tends to support supplementation with FO from low (1.8G) to higher (6G) dosages per day to decrease perceived soreness [32,33,35,38,53,54,56,57], though conflicting data do exist [34,41].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of Varying Dosages of Fish Oil on Recovery and Soreness Following Eccentric Exercise

et al. 2020

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Fish oils (FOs) are rich in omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, which have been purported to enhance recovery of muscular performance and reduce soreness post-exercise. However, the most effective FO dose for optimizing recovery remains unclear. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effect of FO supplementation dosing on the recovery of measures of muscular performance, perceived soreness, and markers of muscle damage following a rigorous bout of eccentric exercise. Thirty-two college-aged resistance-trained males (~23.6 years, 71.6 kg, 172.1 cm) were supplemented with 2, 4, 6 g/day (G) FO or placebo (PL) for ~7.5 weeks. Following 7 weeks of supplementation, pre-exercise (PRE) performance assessments of vertical jump (VJ), knee extensor strength, 40-yard sprint, T-test agility, and perceived soreness were completed prior to a bout of muscle-damaging exercise and were repeated immediately post (IP), 1-, 2-, 4-, 24-, 48-, and 72-h (H) post-exercise. Repeated measures analysis of variance indicated a treatment × time interaction (p < 0.001) for VJ and perceived soreness, but no group differences were observed at any time point. VJ returned to PRE (54.8 ± 7.9 cm) by 1H (51.8 ± 6.5 cm, p = 0.112) for 6G, while no other groups returned to baseline until 48H. Lower soreness scores were observed in 6G compared to PL at 2H (mean difference [MD] = 2.74, p = 0.046), at 24H (MD: 3.45, p < 0.001), at 48H (MD = 4.45, p < 0.001), and at 72H (MD = 3.00, p = 0.003). Supplementation with 6G of FO optimized the recovery of jump performance and muscle soreness following a damaging bout of exercise.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of Varying Dosages of Fish Oil on Recovery and Soreness Following Eccentric Exercise

et al. 2020

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“…week period prior to performing an intense exercise bout (Philpott et al, 2018). In the 72 hours following the muscle damaging exercise, the soccer players in the n-3PUFA plus protein group reported reduced levels of muscle soreness.…”

Section: Team-based Athletesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applications of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation for sport performance

Philpott

Witard

Galloway

2018

Research in Sports Medicine

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Omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation has recently been proposed as an ergogenic aid for athletes. This claim is primarily based on mechanistic evidence that n-3PUFA's exert anti-inflammatory properties and act to change the functional capacity of the muscle cell by modifying the membrane fluidity of proteins and lipids within the cell membrane. In this review, we critically evaluate the scientific literature that examines the efficacy of n-3PUFA supplementation to improve athlete performance within the context of promoting muscle adaptation, energy metabolism, muscle recovery and injury prevention (e.g. muscle loss during immobilisation, concussion). These findings have applications to athletes competing in strength/power-, endurance-and team-, based sports. Based on available information, there is promising scientific evidence that n-3PUFA supplementation may improve endurance capacity by reducing the oxygen cost of exercise. Moreover, several studies report a benefit of n-3PUFA supplementation in promoting recovery from eccentric-based muscle damaging exercise. In contrast, there is insufficient evidence from studies in athletic populations to support the claim that n-3PUFA supplementation facilitates muscle growth during resistance training or preserves muscle mass during catabolic scenarios such as energy restriction or immobilisation. Moving forward, there remains ample scope to investigate context-specific applications of n-3PUFA supplementation for sport performance.

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“…A recent study in 30 male athletes found that 6 weeks of supplementation with 0.55 g EPA and 0.55 g DHA reduced muscle soreness after eccentric exercise, without an effect on muscle function [54]. Reduced soreness in amateurs due to supplementation with EPA/DHA has been consistently reported [34,40,46].…”

Section: The Influence Of Dose and Study Duration In Athletes And Amamentioning

confidence: 99%

Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Sport Performance—Are They Equally Beneficial for Athletes and Amateurs? A Narrative Review

Thielecke

Blannin

2020

Nutrients

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Omega-3 fatty acids, specifically eicosapentanoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexanoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) are receiving increasing attention in sports nutrition. While the usual focus is that of athletes, questions remain if the different training status between athletes and amateurs influences the response to EPA/DHA, and as to whether amateurs would benefit from EPA/DHA supplementation. We critically examine the efficacy of EPA/DHA on performance, recovery and injury/reduced risk of illness in athletes as well as amateurs. Relevant studies conducted in amateurs will not only broaden the body of evidence but shed more light on the effects of EPA/DHA in professionally trained vs. amateur populations. Overall, studies of EPA/DHA supplementation in sport performance are few and research designs rather diverse. Several studies suggest a potentially beneficial effect of EPA/DHA on performance by improved endurance capacity and delayed onset of muscle soreness, as well as on markers related to enhanced recovery and immune modulation. The majority of these studies are conducted in amateurs. While the evidence seems to broadly support beneficial effects of EPA/DHA supplementation for athletes and more so in amateurs, strong conclusions and clear recommendations about the use of EPA/DHA supplementation are currently hampered by inconsistent translation into clinical endpoints.

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Adding Fish Oil to Whey Protein, Leucine, and Carbohydrate Over a Six-Week Supplementation Period Attenuates Muscle Soreness Following Eccentric Exercise in Competitive Soccer Players

Cited by 31 publications

References 40 publications

Impact of Varying Dosages of Fish Oil on Recovery and Soreness Following Eccentric Exercise

Impact of Varying Dosages of Fish Oil on Recovery and Soreness Following Eccentric Exercise

Applications of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation for sport performance

Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Sport Performance—Are They Equally Beneficial for Athletes and Amateurs? A Narrative Review

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