Additional Techniques and Safety Hints for Climbing Tall Trees, and Some Equipment and Information Sources

Whitacre, David F.

doi:10.2307/2387807

Cited by 21 publications

(19 citation statements)

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“…Compared to other traditional climbing methods like the use of climbing spikes, for example, that can be dangerous due to the significant weight of the equipment and the continuous contact with the trunk [9,12], the climbing technique with the use of ropes method has many safety advantages [9] and it has been widely reported in many studies [8,9,11]. Using the appropriate equipment like ascenders and descenders (Petzl ® stop descender model, Recreational Equipment, Inc., Seattle, WA, USA, for example) the climber can descend quickly in an possible emergency (in case wasps or bees attack, for example) and access the first branches of the crown more quickly and easily [44,45].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This method has been used and described in many surveys on tropical forests [8,9,11]. The diameters along the stem were measured at selected locations using a diameter tape (Forestry Suppliers ® , Inc., Jackson, MS, USA) and the merchantable height (H) was measured with a metric tape plugged to the climber.…”

Section: Climbing Techniquementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, the regeneration within permanent plots cannot be cut. Therefore, tree climbing techniques using ropes, as a non-destructive method, can be useful to collect the diameter along the stem and access the tree crown to collect seeds and branches [8][9][10][11]. This technique is different than methods that use climbing spikes, which can cause multiple types of injuries in tree rhytidome affecting their survival [9,12], particularly in tropical trees where the bark and the sapwood thicknesses are very thin [13,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tree Climbing Techniques and Volume Equations for Eschweilera (Matá-Matá), a Hyperdominant Genus in the Amazon Forest

Giménez

Santos

Gebara

et al. 2017

Forests

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Abstract:The Eschweilera genus has great ecological and economic importance due to its wide abundance in the Amazon basin. One potential use for the Eschweilera genus is in forest management, where just a few trees are removed per hectare. In order to improve the forest management in the Amazon, this study assessed two critical issues: volume equations fitted for a single genus and the development of a non-destructive method using climbing techniques. The equipment used to measure the sample trees included: climbing rope, ascenders, descenders, and carabiners. To carry out the objectives of this study, 64 trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 10 cm were selected and measured in ZF-2 Tropical Forestry Station near the city of Manaus, Brazil. Four single input models with DBH and four dual input models with DBH and merchantable height (H) were tested. The Husch model (V = a × DBH b ) presented the best performance (R 2 = 0.97). This model does not require the merchantable height, which is an important advantage, because of the difficulty in measuring this variable in tropical forests. When the merchantable height data are collected using accurate methods, the Schumacher and Hall model (V = a × DBH b × H c ) is the most appropriated. Tree climbing techniques with the use of ropes, as a non-destructive method, is a good alternative to measure the merchantable height, the diameter along the stem, and also estimate the tree volume (m 3 ) of the Eschweilera genus in the Amazon basin.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Climbing Techniquementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tree Climbing Techniques and Volume Equations for Eschweilera (Matá-Matá), a Hyperdominant Genus in the Amazon Forest

Giménez

Santos

Gebara

et al. 2017

Forests

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“…The innovation of rope-climbing and other canopyaccess techniques such as walkways, platforms, cranes and hot-air balloons to gain access to the forest canopy resulted in a burgeoning of interest in canopy research (Dial & Tobin 1994, Gottsberger & Döring 1995, Laman 1995, Mitchell et al 2002, Moffett 1993, Nadkarni & Parker 1994, Parker et al 1992, Perry 1978, Whiteacre 1981. In contrast, quantitative methods to sample and analyse vascular epiphyte vegetation in the canopy have received little attention, with a few exceptions (Barker & Pinard 2001, Bergstrom & Tweedie 1998, Gradstein et al 1996ter Steege & Cornelissen 1988).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A protocol for sampling vascular epiphyte richness and abundance

2009

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Abstract:The sampling of epiphytes is fraught with methodological difficulties. We present a protocol to sample and analyse vascular epiphyte richness and abundance in forests of different structure (SVERA). Epiphyte abundance is estimated as biomass by recording the number of plant components in a range of size cohorts. Epiphyte species biomass is estimated on 35 sample-trees, evenly distributed over six trunk diameter-size cohorts (10 trees with dbh > 30 cm). Tree height, dbh and number of forks (diameter > 5 cm) yield a dimensionless estimate of the size of the tree. Epiphyte dry weight and species richness between forests is compared with ANCOVA that controls for tree size. S Chao1 is used as an estimate of the total number of species at the sites. The relative dependence of the distribution of the epiphyte communities on environmental and spatial variables may be assessed using multivariate analysis and Mantel test. In a case study, we compared epiphyte vegetation of six Mexican oak forests and one Colombian oak forest at similar elevation. We found a strongly significant positive correlation between tree size and epiphyte richness or biomass at all sites. In forests with a higher diversity of host trees, more trees must be sampled. Epiphyte biomass at the Colombian site was lower than in any of the Mexican sites; without correction for tree size no significant differences in terms of epiphyte biomass could be detected. The occurrence of spatial dependence, at both the landscape level and at the tree level, shows that the inclusion of spatial descriptors in SVERA is justified.

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“…Because non-breeding SBPs are not known to use cavities for roosting (Carneiro 2010), birds entering cavities were assumed to be breeders. Nest cavities were accessed using single-rope climbing techniques (Perry 1978;Whitacre 1981). Status and contents of each nest (eggs, chicks) were documented either by direct observation or use of a small digital camera.…”

Section: Nest Cavity Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lophozonia tree cavities used for nesting by Slender-billed Parakeets (Enicognathus leptorhynchus) in the central valley of southern Chile: a potentially vanishing keystone resource

White

Jiménez

2017

Avian Res

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Background:The Slender-billed Parakeet (Enicognathus leptorhynchus) is a psittacine endemic to southern Chile and an obligate secondary cavity-nester. In the central valley of southern Chile, most (94%) of the known Slender-billed Parakeet nests have occurred in large, mature southern beech (Lophozonia obliqua) trees (locally known as "pellines"). As relicts of the original old-growth forests of southern Chile, most pellines have been lost due to extensive landclearing throughout the region, potentially threatening long-term persistence of the Slender-billed Parakeet. Methods:We conducted our study in the central valley of southern Chile, near the city of Osorno during three consecutive nesting seasons (November-January, 2008-2011. Nest trees used by Slender-billed Parakeets were located by direct observation of parakeet activities and through interviews with local residents, some of whom were former parrot nest poachers. Nest cavities were accessed, inspected and measured using single-rope climbing techniques. We report means, standard errors, 95% confidence intervals and ranges for 11 cavity-related variables. We also report clutch sizes encountered in active nests, and age estimates of nest trees based on known growth rates of Lophozonia trees in southern Chile. Linear regressions were used to evaluate potential relationships between cavity-related variables and clutch size. Results:We located and measured 38 Lophozonia tree cavities used for nesting by Slender-billed Parakeets. Compared to those used by other psittacines, nest trees were relatively large, averaging 30.4 ± 1.1 m in height with a mean diameter at breast height of 134.5 ± 4.7 cm. Based on estimated annual diameter increment, ages of nest trees ranged from approximately 209-485 years. Nest cavities entrances averaged 12.5 ± 0.9 m in height above ground level. Cavity entrance widths averaged 51.0 ± 13.3 cm (vertical) by 11.5 ± 0.7 cm (horizontal). Cavity entrance orientations were apparently random, with no directional preferences detected. Nest cavities were also relatively large, with a mean internal diameter of 39.6 ± 2.4 cm and mean depth of 90.3 ± 24.2 cm. Clutch sizes (2-9) were unusually large for psittacines of this size (ca. 280-300 g) and broods of up to seven well-developed nestlings were observed. Conclusions:We found that the deep and spacious cavities provided by pellines facilitate successful rearing of large broods, thereby maximizing productivity and fitness. The existence of pellines has apparently allowed Slender-billed Parakeets to adapt successfully to a wholesale loss of ancestral habitat to anthropogenic modifications. Immediate and strategic conservation measures, such as protection of existing pellines and the regeneration and recruitment of additional ones, are recommended for ensuring the survival of Slender-billed Parakeet populations throughout the central valley of southern Chile.

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Additional Techniques and Safety Hints for Climbing Tall Trees, and Some Equipment and Information Sources

Cited by 21 publications

References 1 publication

Tree Climbing Techniques and Volume Equations for Eschweilera (Matá-Matá), a Hyperdominant Genus in the Amazon Forest

Tree Climbing Techniques and Volume Equations for Eschweilera (Matá-Matá), a Hyperdominant Genus in the Amazon Forest

A protocol for sampling vascular epiphyte richness and abundance

Lophozonia tree cavities used for nesting by Slender-billed Parakeets (Enicognathus leptorhynchus) in the central valley of southern Chile: a potentially vanishing keystone resource

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