Additive anticonvulsant effects of creatine supplementation and physical exercise against pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures

Effects of creatine in a rat intestinal model of ischemia/reperfusion injury

“…Actually, the potential of creatine to be protective has been illustrated in numerous models of neurodegeneration as well as in animal models of traumatic brain injury and cerebral ischemia [9,11].…”

The involvement of Na+, K+-ATPase activity and free radical generation in the susceptibility to pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures after experimental traumatic brain injury

“…In addition, the total activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the content of the antioxidant α-tocopherol have been found to be reduced in rat brain homogenates after acute PTZ-induced convulsion [49]. Previous studies from our group have demonstrated that the injection of PTZ-induced convulsive activity is accompanied by ROS generation and inhibition of local Na + ,K + -ATPase activity [50,51,13,22,52]reinforcing the assumption that the inhibition of some selected targets for free radicals increases cellular excitability [53][54][55].…”

“…After 4 weeks of FPI procedure, all animals were deeply anesthetized and two screw electrodes were placed bilaterally over the parietal cortex, along with a ground lead positioned over the nasal sinus as described by [22]. The experiments for electrocorticographic (EEG) recordings were performed 5 days after surgery as described by [23].…”

“…It is well known that the overproduction of free radicals may lead to the development of epileptic focus (neurons) by the disruption of the antioxidant activity [21,22] and by the oxidative inactivation of membrane Na + ,K + -ATPase. These mechanisms would be a key reason behind enhanced neuronal excitability and seizure manifestation [23], since Na + ,K + -ATPase activity is inhibited in brain of epileptic patients post-mortem [24] and mutation in the Na + ,K + -ATPase α subunit gene has been associated with epilepsy in humans [25].…”

Alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) does not modify pentylenetetrazol- and pilocarpine-induced seizures

“…A number of studies have suggested a role for inflammatory mediators in pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-and pilocarpine-induced seizures (Funck et al, 2011;Maroso et al, 2010;Oliveira et al, 2008;Rambo et al, 2009;Vezzani et al, 2010Vezzani et al, , 2011aVezzani et al, , 2011b, and that α-MSH triggers anti-inflammatory mechanisms in the central nervous system (CNS). However, no study has determined whether α-MSH modify PTZand pilocarpine-induced seizures.…”