Additive intercropping with peanut relay-planted between different patterns of rice rows increases yield of red rice in aerobic irrigation system

Abstract

Rice yields under conventional techniques are very low without high doses of commercial fertilizer application, while intercropping with legumes can increase yields. This research aimed to examine the effect of relay-planting peanut between rice rows of different patterns on yield of red rice in aerobic irrigation systems, by conducting a field experiment designed according to Split Plot design with two treatment factors, i.e. intercropping as main plots (T0= without; T1= intercropping with peanuts), and rice row patterns as sub-plots (P1= normal or single-row; P2= double-row; P3= triple-row). In T1, one row of peanut was relay-planted (additive series) between single, double, or triple rows of red rice plants three weeks after seeding red rice on raised-beds. Results indicated that additive intercropping with peanut significantly increased clump size, dry straw weight, filled panicle number, panicle length, total biomass, filled grain number, grain yield per clump, and harvest index, and reduced percentage of unfilled grains of red rice , while patterns of rice rows only affected dry straw weight, percentage of panicle number, and weight of 100 grains. However, there were significant interactions between the treatment factors on dry straw weight and percentage of panicle number, which under single-row, they were low in monocropping but high and no differences between row patterns in intercropping system. Similarly, grain yield was lower in single or double row than triple row pattern under monocropping but significantly higher and no differences between row patterns under intercropping, indicating the highest benefits of intercropping under single row pattern.

Intercropping with peanuts and long-term application of organic wastes improve mycorrhizal development and growth of red rice under aerobic irrigation systems

“…Intercropping red rice with peanuts (T2) gave better results than the monocrop (T1) on plant height, growth rate of plant height and number of tillers, which was probably due to the ability of the peanut plants in T2 treatments to improve the availability of nutrients for rice plants, especially nitrogen nutrients, which play an important role in supporting the vegetative growth of rice plants due to their ability to fix atmospheric N2 [14]. Wangiyana et al [13] also reported that red rice plants intercropping with peanuts showed higher levels of green color measured using a leaf color chart compared with those in the monocropping system. In addition, Nurmayulis et al [31] reported that increasing nitrogen availability for plants will stimulate vegetative growth, such as plant height and number of rice tillers.…”

“…Another important advantage of growing rice under aerobic irrigation systems is that rice plants can be intercropped with legume crops [12] to increase nitrogen nutrition [13] and yield of rice [14] due to the ability of legume crops to biologically fix N2 in symbiosis with Rhizobium bacteria to improve N content of the soil [15]. In addition, there is a significant transfer of N from peanut to rice was observed [16], and the rates of N transfer from legume to cereal crops in intercropping are increased by the involvement of root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) infecting roots of both crops [17,18], and by the closer planting distance of both crops [19].…”

Additive intercropping with peanut increases growth and yield of various promising lines of red rice under aerobic irrigation system on permanent raised-beds

“…Soybean was reported to be capable of transferring fixed-N to sorghum plants in the intercropping of sorghum and soybean, and higher rate of this nutrient transfer was recorded under closer spacing between sorghum and soybean [12]. Peanut plants relay-planted between rows of red rice also resulted in more tillers and green leaves per clump at anthesis, and higher levels of green color of the leaves of the red rice [8]. The presence of nitrogen nutrients is very important to support plant growth [13], and the more sufficient nitrogen availability for plants, the higher is the plant growth [14].…”

“…This rice cultivation technique gives the possibility of growing one or more rows of legume crops, such as soybean, between rows of rice plants in intercropping systems, which have been reported to significantly increase rice yield [6,7]. One row of peanut plants inserted between single-rows, double-rows, or triple-rows of red rice on a permanent raised-bed with aerobic irrigation system resulted in greener color of leaves, higher panicles and grain yields compared to monocropped red rice [8]. Chu et al [9] also reported higher number of filled panicles on rice plants grown in a 3 rows: 3 rows rice-peanut intercropping system than on monocropped rice.…”

Increasing crop diversity and yield of black rice through intercropping with mungbean at different row proportions on raised-beds

“…However, rice crop, when grown in intercropping with mungbean, it has to be grown in non-flooded conditions. Red rice grown on raised-beds under an aerobic irrigation system can be intercropped in additive series with soybean [8], peanut [9], and mungbean [10] but by modifying row patterns of the rice plants into double-rows or triple-rows. However, the row proportions of rice and legume crops applied so far was two rows of rice interspersed with one row of a legume crop.…”